LESSONS IN 



231 



<Mii.lhi.if.-, i" ..l.t.iin thu '!' ,t,< m ,i r , must Hatify tho examiners 

 niches of Natural Science, as well 



an in i" !:.-.- dependent on Mochani- 



oal i'hil<>-,o|>hy, whirh iin-linlim Mechanics, Hydrostatics, Pnou. 



i, l.i.'ht, ll.at, Klrrtririty, and Magnetism. Tho 



1-1 1'iinod on the above subjects, 



. im.ru L-xtousivo knowledge than the pass- 



!i of thoao Bohools a Testamur is awarded to pass-men 



-i-iiiou aliko ; tho names of tho olaas-inun being printed 



;il|.h;i!..'t irally in four classes ; the namoa of those who only 



mitisfy tin- examiners withont taking honours being addeil in a 



r.ite division, also alphabetically arranged. 



the degree of M.A. no examination is required. For 

 degrees in Divinity, Law, Medicine, and Music, special exorcises 

 must In- performed, examinations passed, and requirement* 

 satisfu-.l. particulars of which can bo obtained from tho Pro- 

 fessors of the respective faculties, and from tho Registrar of 

 the University, tho Rev. E. T. Turner, M.A., Fellow and Tutor 

 of Brasenose College, whoso official residence is at tho Old 

 Clarendon, in Broad Street, and whose courtesy in affording 

 information is well known to all who have any acquaintance 

 with Oxford. n PKIVATE ^^ 



There are two other ways of going through tho University of 

 Oxford than ly entering it as- an unattached student. The first 

 of these is by matriculating at a private hall, of which there 

 are now but two, known as Charsley's Hall and Turrell's Hall, 

 so named according to the statute De Aulis Privatis, after the 

 licensed master who presides over thorn namely, Mr. W. II. 

 Charsley, M.A., and the Rev. H. J. Turrell. 



Several other private halls have existed since the statute 

 above referred to was passed, but all have been short-lived, 

 and Mr. Charsley is tho only master who has achieved any 

 great success as the head of such an institution. An annual 

 payment of 80 covers all expenses for fees, board, lodging, 

 and tuition. 



III. COLLEGIATE LIFE. 



There are in the University twenty-one colleges and three 

 halls, besides tho private halls already mentioned, the chief 

 difference between these respective sets of societies being that 

 the colleges are corporate bodies, each endowed to support a body 

 of Fellows ; while the halls have no such endowment. In the 

 colleges tho tutors arc mostly appointed by the Head out of 

 the body of Fellows ; in the halls the Principals are respon- 

 sible for the tuition. With these differences in their consti- 

 tution, the education, discipline, and duties of tho students are 

 the same in both colleges and halls ; they lead a ccpnobitic life ; 

 dinner is served daily in tho common hall ; and divine service 

 celebrated morning and evening in the chapel. 



But for all students without exception collegiate, aularian, 

 and unattached the duties, discipline, examinations, and other 

 exercises for degrees, and responsibility to the University as a 

 body, are identical. The usual chapel rule in tho colleges and 

 halls is to attend once each week-day (in the morning as a rule), 

 and twice on Sunday. In some few colleges week-day atten- 

 dance at chapel has been dispensed with for students who 

 prefer to answer a "roll-call" at an early hour to show that 

 they are not spending their time inactively. 

 Tho colleges are as follows : 



University. Queen's. Brasenose. Jesus College. 



Balliol. New College. Corpus Christi. Wadham. 



Merton. Lincoln. Christ Church. Pembroke. 



Exeter. All Souls. Trinity. Worcester. 



Oriel. Magdalen. St. John's. Keble. 



Hertford. 

 The three halls are 



St. Mary Hall. St. Edmund Hall. 



New Inn Hall. 



A largo and very important addition to tho collegiate system 

 of the University was made in 1871 by tho admission of Keble 

 College (incorporated by Royal Charter on June 6th, 1870) to 

 the privileges mentioned in the University Statutes, Tit. II., 

 Sect, vi., on new Foundations for Academical Study and Edu- 

 cation. The college was built as a memorial to the late Rev. 

 John Keble, M.A., formerly Professor of Poetry in the Uni- 

 versity. It was "founded and constituted with tho especial 



object and intent of providing persona desirous of acade- 

 mical education, and willing to lire economically, with a college 

 , ; ..-r living and high culture of the mind may be 

 combined with Christian training, based upon the princi- 

 the Church of England." The college is governed 

 by a Warden and Council, and the whole charge of the disci- 



I internal administration is by the charter rested in 

 the Warden. This form of government is the chief point of 

 difference between Keble College and the other collegiate 



- of the University. Tho quadrangle u spacious, and 

 tho buildings extensive ; and the chapel, for the erection at 

 which no less than 25,000 was given by a single benefactor, 

 is reputed to be one of the noblest places of worship in the 



it.y. A fixed charge of 27 per Term (counting Easter 

 UP! Act Terms for this purpose as one) covers every expense, 

 including the use of furnished rooms, board, University and 

 College dues, tuition, and servants. A few necessary smaller 

 items, which cannot bo included in a fixed charge, are provided 

 according to a fixed tariff, but are not allowed to exceed 3 

 l>.;r T.Tin. All expenses within the college walls are thus 

 brought within the limit of 90 per annum. The college has 

 on its books the following members (the Archbishop of Canter- 

 bury being its visitor), tho Warden, the Council of Twelve 

 Members, six Tutors, tho Bursar, four Exhibitioners, and a 

 numerous list of Graduates and Commoners. It has also 

 several Benefices in its patronage. 



In most of the old colleges both scholarships and fellowships 

 are now open to public competition, the latter being the more 

 free of the two from local restrictions. In New College, Christ 

 Church, and St. John's, a strong connection still subsists be- 

 tween these societies respectively and the schools of Winchester, 

 Westminster, and Merchant Taylors, in a corresponding order. 

 Exeter has still a connection with Devonshire and the Channel 

 Islands ; Queen's with the North of England ; Brasenose with 

 Hereford, Marlborough, and Manchester, and (by its rich 

 Hulmeian foundation) with certain other parts of Lancashire ; 

 Jesus College with Wales ; Pembroke with Abingdon School 

 and the Channel Islands ; and Worcester with certain parts of 

 Worcestershire ; but a large number of scholarships and exhi- 

 bitions are now open to the most unrestricted competition. 

 Few scholarships are now worth less than .80 per annum ; 

 many as much as and more than JE100 ; and any economical 

 student who can add 20 or 30 a year to the income of a 

 scholarship, can go through the University in comfort and 

 respectability. Scholars are usually expected to be candidates 

 for honours ; and any one who has tho ability to procure 

 election to a scholarship can only be prevented from offering 

 himself for honours either by failing health or idleness. For 

 the former cause, allowance will be readily made. The latter, 

 or failure in the schools (vulgo, plucking), may terminate the 

 tenure of a scholarship. Several of the halls have scholarships 

 or exhibitions as helps to economical men ; but they are, for 

 the most part, of less value than in the colleges. It must also 

 be mentioned that of the halls, two viz., St. Mary Hall and 

 St. Edmund Hall offer special advantages to students who are 

 resolutely determined to live according to a strict rule of 

 economy. At the same time every reasonable comfort, joined 

 to the social advantages of the ccenobitic life, is secured by 

 membership of any one of these societies. But whatever tempta- 

 tions to extravagance the normal collegiate life may present, 

 any one can, with entire comfort, bring his annual battel bills 

 including room-rent, tuition, kitchen and buttery expenses, i.e., 

 all necessary food and drink (except wine and luxuries), coal, 

 and washing within 90 ; while in some of the halls stricter 

 frugality has reduced this sum to J660. It is hoped that these 

 few facts may servo to prove that Oxford has not yet come to 

 the condition of being no longer a place for " tho poor scholar." 

 If the mind be firmly set upon the acquisition of knowledge, 

 it can still obtain facilities at Oxford at a moderate cost. 



LESSONS IN BOTANY. XXXI. 



.SECTION LXXV.-AUEANTIACRS, OB CITBON-WOETS. 



Characteristics : Calyx free, monosepalous ; petals hypogynous, 

 free, or almost free, in number equal to the parts of the calyx, 

 with which they are alternate ; imbricated in aestivation ; stamens 

 in number double or in multiples of the number of the petals, 



