LESSONS IN CHKMISTRY. 



liCiSE 133 (Vol. II., page I 



1. Huvo you forbidden tbat man to set bin foot inido your house? 



2. I bare forbidden him. 3. Hare you sheltered those things from 



the rain ? 4. I bare sheltered them from the rain and wind. 5. Have 



i minted your brother with that affair ? 6. I bare not acquainted 



bim with it. 7. Have you not enabled him to study? 8. I liavo 



. him to instruct himself if he wishes to do it. 9. Will you 



1-ut that aside? 10. I am going to put it in tbo sun. 11. WouM not 



y.mr in, ud couio iu ? 12. lie would not alight. 13. lias not your 



mi hia apron wrong side out ? 14. No, Sir, ho bas put it on 



; "Hi . 15. Have you not put tbat giddy person out of doors ? 



.-dint the door iu bis face. 17. At what hour do you sit 



down to table ? 18. As soon as the clotb is laid. 10. Does that man 



dress wall ? 80. Ho always dresses after the English or tbe Italian 



fashion. 21. Did not those children commence weeping ? 22. Instead 



of beginning to weep they began to laugh. 23. Why do yon not 



commence writing? 24. It is time to sit down to table. 25. Are 



those Sicilian ladies] well dressed? 26. They are exceedingly well dressed. 



EXERCISE 134 (Vol. II., page 139). 



1. Le monsieur a-t-il mis pied a torre co matin? 2. Non, Monsieur, 

 il n'a pas voulu mettre pied a terre, il n'avait pas le temps. 3. Avez- 

 TOUS mis oet insolent a la porte? 4. Non, Monsieur, inais j>; lui ai 

 d&endu de remottro lo pied cbez moi. 5. Avez-vous mis ces pctits 

 enfants a 1'ubri de la pluie ? 6. Je les ai mis a 1'abri de la pluie et du 

 vent. 7. Avez-vous mis votre fils a im" me d'apprendre la mldecine .' 

 8. Je 1'ai mis a mi'ino d'appreudre la m<5decine, s'il desire la faire. 9. 

 Avez-vous mis votro habit a 1'envera ? 10. Je ne 1'ai pas mis a 1'cnvcrs, 

 je 1'ai mis a 1'endroit. 11. Vous 6tes-vous mis en colere ? 12. Non, 

 Monsieur, je no me suis pas mis en colere. 13. Vous rtes-vous mis a 

 table, bier a quatre heures ? 14. Nous nous sommcs mis a table a six 

 lioures. 15. Avez-vous 1'intention de vous mettre en pension ? 16. 

 J'ai 1'iutention de me mettre en pension chez M. L. 17. Quand vous 

 mettez-vous en voyage (route) ? 18. Nous nous mettons en route de- 

 inaiu matin. 19. Votre fils s'est il mis a rire ? 20. Non, Monsieur, il 

 s'est mis a pleurer. 21. Fourquoi ne vous mettez-vous pas a travailler 

 rage) ? 22. Parceque je vais me mettre a lire. 23. Cette dame 

 se metelle a 1'anglaise ? 24. Elle se met a 1'italienne. 25. Ces dames 

 sont-elles bien mises ? 26. Elles sont mises a merveille. 27. Ne 

 voulez-vous pas vous mettre a 1' ombre? 28. Je me mettroi au soleil, 

 j'ai tres frbid. 29. Votre babit est-il a 1'envers ? 30. Non, Monsieur, 

 il est a 1'endroit. 31. Est-ce la 1'endroit de ce drap ? 32. C'est 

 1'envers. 33. N'etes-vous pas mis a 1'anglaise ? 34. Je suis mis a 

 1'italienne. 35. Vous etes bien mis. 



EXEECISE 135 (Vol. II., page 171). 



1. Send for tbe physician, your little boy is sick. 2. We have 

 already sent for bim. 3. You do not want your pencil, lend it to me. 

 4. I cannot lend it to you, I am using it. 5. Give it to me, or lend it 

 to me. 6. I have promised it to your teacher. 7. If yon have not 

 said it to him, tell him of it as soon as possible. 8. Bo not tell him 

 of it yet. 9. Speak to him about it the next time you see him. 10. 

 Have patience, my friend, your father will not be long coming. 11. Obey 

 your instructor. 12. I always obey him. 13. Give him a good part of 

 it. 14. I have already given him more than two-thirds of it. 15. 

 Have you carried that key to the locksmith ? 16. I have forgotten to 

 give it to him. 17. Take it to him, without fail, this afternoon. 18. 

 Have the goodness to tell me where Mr. G. lives. 19. Take the first 

 street on the left, he lives in the second house on the right. 20. Come, 

 young ladies, let us make baste. 21. Take them thither as soon as 

 possible. 22. Do not bring them back to me. 23. Send them back 

 to me to-morrow. 24. Let us carry them thither. 25. Let us not 

 carry them thither. 26. Lend thorn to bim, but do not give them 

 to bim. 



EXERCISE 136 (Vol. IL, page 171). 



1. Donnez un livre au jeune homme. 2. Je lui en ai deja donnt? un, 

 et il ne le lit pas. 3. Pretez-le-lui, si vous ne voulez pas le lui donner. 

 4. Je ne veux pas le lui preter. 5. Ddpfichez-vous, Mesdemoiselles, il 

 est dhc heures. 6. Veuillez me donner une plume. 7. J'en ai doiiue 

 nne a M. votre frere. 8. Obdissez a votre pere et parlez a votre soeur. 

 i. N'c nverrez-vous pas chercher la lettre ? 10. Je 1'enverrai chercher. 

 11. Envoyez la chercher aussitot quo possible. 12. Ne le faites pas, 

 inais ^crivez a mon cousin. 13. Aliens, mes enfants, apprenee votre 

 lecon. 14. Donnez-lui-en, ou lui en pretez (or pretez-lui-en). 15. Ne 

 vous dtSpechez pas, nous avons le temps. 16. Ayez patience, mon 

 enfant, le marchand viendra bientot. 17. Envoyez-le-lui, si vous ne 

 pouvez le lui donner. 18. ficrivez-lui, sans faute, cette apres-midi. 

 19. Je lui ^crirais si j'avais le temps. 20. Prenons la premiere rue a 

 gauche. 21. Prenez la deuxicme rue a droite. 22. Faites attention a 

 ce que dit votre frere. 23. Disons la ve'rite'. 24. Lisons ce livre 

 Bujourd'hui. 25. Payez vos dettes aussitot que possible. 26. OWis- 

 sons a notre pre"cepteur. 27. Portez-lui la clef. 28. Eapportez-moi 

 les livres que je vons ai pretes. 29. Ne me les rapportez pas, lisez-les. 

 30. Prenons patience, nons aurons bientot de I'argent. 31. Parlons- 

 leur, Us sont chez mon pere. 32. Dites-leur que j'ai 1'intention de leur 

 (Scrire domain matin. 33. Allez a 1'eglise cette apres-midi. 31. Eap- 

 portez-moi mes lettres. 35. Ne les y portez pas, mais apportez-les- 

 moi aussitot que possible 



LESSONS IN CHEMISTRY. XXI J. 



METALS PROPER-toniinwd. 



IRON continued. 



8. Refining. Although " pig-iron" in used for casting, it is 

 unable to be worked at the forge, and before it oao become 

 " wronght-iron " it mart pass through two processes, in which 

 all extraneous matter is removed. The finery into which tbe pig- 

 iron if next introduced is a furnace, or forge, on the hearth of 

 which it IB melted, but not in contact with the combustible 

 iiKiH'-r, which in usually coke ; a doable row of blast-pipe* urge 

 the heated air, etc., from the burning coke over the hearth on 

 which the pi^-iron is placed, and that it in melted. Fig. 51 

 will afford an easy explanation of this proceHB. The iron is 

 melted on the hearth, A, which is made of iron platen, which are 

 kept cool by air being allowed to circulate freely around them. 

 The fire is fed with coko through the door, D, and the iron is 

 introduced by a Ride door in the wall, which has been taken 

 away to exhibit this section ; B are two of the blast-pipes ; r it 

 the floss-hole, out of which the slag, which floats on the melted iron, 

 escapes as it rises over the partition. The following analyses 

 will at once show the effect the refinery has on the cast-iron : 



Carbon. Silicon. 

 Pig Iron . . 3-0 + 4'5 

 Eeflned Iron. 17 + 0'5 



Phosphorus. Iron. 



0.2 + 92'3 = 100-0. 

 0"0 + 97"8 = 100"0. 



The carbon and phosphorus are burnt out. Some of the iron 

 is oxidised, and this, with the silicon, forms a fusible slag, and 

 comes away through the floss-hole. The melted iron is run off 

 into flat cakes about three or four inches thick, and is suddenly 

 cooled by throwing water upon it. It has now lost the coarse 

 grain of the pig-iron, and its colour is a silvery white. 



4. Puddling is the last process by which the remaining silicon 

 and carbon are separated from the iron. The refined iron is 

 broken into pieces, and again melted in a reverberatory furnace, 

 similar to the one drawn in Fig. 51. The melted mass is stirred 

 with iron rods, upon the end of which it agglomerates, forming 

 blooms. The rod is drawn from the furnace with this maw of 

 white-hot molten paste adhering to it, and although it weighs 

 gome three-quarters of a hundred-weight, yet with the greatest 

 ease and rapidity one or two men drag it to the shingling press, 

 where a huge hammer descends upon it; again and again the 

 pressman turns it under the blow of the hammer, which squeezes 

 out the impurities, and welds the metal into a plate of " wrought- 

 iron." 



As fully as our space will permit, we have described the 

 operation of reducing iron from the ore ; but it must be re- 

 membered that the quality of the iron is affected by the least 

 change in the fuel, the lime, or the quantity of air driven by 

 the blasts, and that at every point of the process experience has 

 suggested certain improvements, to understand which a work 

 on metallurgy must be consulted. 



Steel is a carbide of iron; it contains from 1'3 to 1'7 per cent. 

 of carbon. The usual mode of manufacturing steel ia to pack 

 bars of wrought-iron in boxes of brickwork, with cement powder, 

 which is a mixture of soot and salt. The boxes are so arranged 

 that they can be elevated to a temperature which will melt copper, 

 and can be maintained at that point for six or eight days ; thus 

 carbon is introduced into the iron. It will be evident that the 

 exterior of the bar will be more highly carburetted than the 

 interior; hence the bars are melted in crucibles and cast into 

 ingots, forming the cos^-steel of which cutlery is made. Seeing 

 that there is 3 per cent, of carbon in pig-iron, and none in 

 wrought-iron, it is plain that if the process were stopped just at 

 that point when the metal was combined with 1'5 of carbon we 

 should have steel. Upon this principle Mr. Bessemer founded 

 his process of making steel ; he forces a quantity of air into the 

 bottom of a cylinder full of melted " pig-iron," and thus burn* 

 out the carbon; the process is arrested just when the proper 

 quantity of carbon remains to form steel. Bessemer's steel is 

 largely used for rails of railways, and has almost entirely sup- 

 planted the use of wronght-iron, where hardness is required. 



When steel is touched with a drop of nitric acid a grey spot 

 appears, the acid dissolving the iron, and the carbon remaining. 



Iron forms with oxygen three distinct oxides ferrous oxide 

 (FeO), ferric oxide or sesquioxide (Fe,O s ), magnetic oxide, 

 which is a compound of these (FeO.Fe/),), and ferric acid 

 (H.,Fe0 4 ). 



Tho first can ncrer be obtained, for its great affinity for 



