244 



THE POPULAE EDUCATOR. 



10. Louis the Fourteenth was a lover of the fine arts and sciences. 11. 

 The emperor died at twenty minutes past eleven. 12. I have been only 

 twice in America, but the fourth time in England. 13. The Germans 

 have had war with the Trench at different times. 14. The numbers 

 four and nine have won threefold. 15. The battle of Waterloo was on 

 the eighteenth of June, 1815. 16. Do you know how old that man is ? 

 17. He is sixty years old. 18. This handsome horse is three years old, 

 and that larger one is six. 19. What wine is this ? 20. It is of the 

 vintage of 1834. 21. I pay five per cent, interest for this capital. 22. 

 Are there stags in this forest ? 23. Yes, the huntsman shot one, six- 

 teen years old, the day before yesterday. 



EXERCISE 117 (Vol. II., page 247). 



1. SKein SSruber fyat I)unbert aSitctyer, unb metn >ntet, bar *ptofeffor, Ijat 

 mcfyr aU taufenb. 2. @r jianb gcroijfmlkfy uin fydb fettyS beS 3)icrgen auf, 

 unb arbeitcte MS bra wertet auf elf. 3. 3cty tyabe ftebcn 3Wonat: bet tfym 

 jugcbractyt. 4. 3c$ fyabe $oti !Du$enb gebern unb fteben 23ud) papier wr* 

 fattft. 5. 23ie -^atftc etneS afen af er ju feinem SriMuct 6. 2Hefe3 

 jcbiMie $ferb tft funf 3a6.re alt. 7. >et britte S^ett biefe ctbe* getyort 

 mir. 8. 3cf> cergab Sfynen ctnmat. 9. @ic tfyaten e jweimal. 10. 

 3)iefc8 @tuct entf)att ungefdljr jicet unb jicanjtg tlen 11. 3Mne 

 4Defler ftarb in tfyrem fccfjSje^nten Saljre. 12. aufenbe fkrben tin 

 Safyrc 1852 in $o(en an bet GHjolera. 13. 3)te Slafcfye ju>et unb bretjjiger 

 (3Bcin) anrb fur einen Staler oerfauft. 14. SWetne cfyroefhr faufte brei 

 KUcn JBanb. 15. 9lom tourbe wn JRemutuS fte&en unbert unb jtoct unb 

 funfjtg Safyre cor SI;rifli eburt gegrunbet. 



EXERCISE 118 (Vol. II., page 282). 



1. Even the victors praised the valour of the conquered. 2. The 

 song touched even the most inflexible hearts. 3. The strains of music 

 reached even our ears. 4. Even here the children's joyful laughing 

 can be heard. 5. How can one demand of others what he will not do 

 himself ? 6. One ought to esteem himself. 7. The weed grows by 

 itself, without our sowing and attending to it. 8. Even poverty shall 

 not hinder me from acting honestly. 9. If you also forsake me, then 

 T have no longer a friend. 10. Oh that that time were already arrived ! 



11. Although he has a rough exterior, nevertheless he has a tender 

 heart. 12. If you do this also, I will reward you well. 13. However 

 many there are of you, I will enter into a contest with each of you. 14. 

 However much Henry works, nevertheless he accomplishes nothing. 

 15. However much he spoke, nevertheless they did not hear him. 16. 

 Whatever may happen, I shall remain faithful to him. 17. Whatever 

 kind of news arrives, they do not become disheartened. 18. Whatever 

 my friend begins, he has no success. 19. Whatever it may be, nobody 

 shall hear it. 20. He has not even money enough to buy bread. 21. 

 Wo must love everybody, even our enemies. 22. Even upon these con- 

 ditions I cannot accept your proposal. 23. He could select even from 

 all the books the most beautiful one. 



LESSONS IN ITALIAN. VI. 



V. PRONUNCIATION OP THE LETTERS C, G, S, IN COM- 

 BINATION WITH OTHER LETTERS. 



IT is necessary that I should now explain with some degree of 

 minuteness certain peculiarities of the most frequent occurrence, 

 and consequently of the highest importance in the pronuncia- 

 tion of the letters c, g, and s, when they enter into certain com- 

 binations with other letters. 



With regard to the letters c and g, I have already stated and 

 illustrated by examples in the first pronouncing table, that when 

 c and g are placed before the vowels a, o, and u, c is sounded 

 like k, and g like the English g in the words game, go, and gull. 

 But suppose that it should be necessary in the declension of 

 nouns, the conjugation of verbs, etc., to give to the c and g 

 before the vowels e and i the same sound that c and g have 

 before a, o, and u; it is obvious that some sign must be used to 

 mark that pronunciation of the c and g, and avoid confusion. 

 This sign is no other than the letter h, which, as has been re- 

 marked, is a mere soundless, written sign, and on that account 

 pre-eminently suited to the purpose. In this way we arrive at 

 the combinations ch and gh ; and from what has been said it is 

 obvious that the sound of ch before e and i can be no other 

 than the sound of It; and the sound of gh before e and i, that 

 of g in the English words game, go, and gull. And, indeed, 

 it is a fundamental rule of Italian grammar, that whenever a 

 grammatical necessity arises in the inflections or terminational 

 changes of a word for retaining the sound of the c which in the 

 root is sounded like k, and the sound of g which in the root 

 is sounded like g in game, go, and gull, before the vowels e and i; 

 h must be placed between c and g and the vowels e and i, and 

 the combinations thus resulting will be che, chi, and ghe, ghi 

 (pronounced kai or ke, kee; gsd or jrhe, ghee). For example, 



banche (pronounced bahn-kai), banks, offices ; stecchi (stek-kee;, 

 thorns, prickles ; Tedeschi (tai-dai-skee), Germans; Turchi (todrr- 

 kee), Turks; oclie (6-kai), geese; vecchio (vek-keeo), an old man; 

 perche (per-kai), why; fianchi (feeahn-kee), flanks, sides; Ghe- 

 rardo (gai-rahrr-do), Gerard; ghetto (ghet-to), a Jewry; ghirlanda 

 (ghirr-lahn-dah), garland ; ghibellino (ghi-bel-lee-no), Ghibellin ; 

 alberghi (ahl-berr-ghee), hotels ; maghe (mah-gai), sorceresses ; 

 impieghi (im-peee-ghee), employments. 



But suppose a necessity arises for giving to the letter c before 

 a, o, and u the sound of c in the word church, and to g before 

 a, u, and o the sound of g in ginger. Evidently a sign must be 

 used to indicate that, or else c would be sounded like k, and g 

 like g in game. Now this sign is the vowel i. In common 

 conversation this i is scarcely heard, serving the purpose only 

 of a mere soundless written sign ; but in the more measured or 

 studied pronunciation of the pulpit, the stage, public assem- 

 blies, and even frequently in the conversation of cultivated 

 persons, the i is slightly touched in the enunciation, while the 

 voice rapidly glides to the pronunciation of the vowels a, o, 

 and u. Hence another fundamental rule of Italian, which goes 

 side by side with the one above stated, that whenever a neces- 

 sity arises for giving to the c before a, o, and u the compressed 

 sound of c in the English word church, and to g before a, o, and 

 u the compressed sound of g in ginger, the letter i (an auxiliary 

 letter in this case) must be placed between c and the vowels a, 

 o, and u, and between g and the vowels <i, o, and at; and the 

 combinations thus arising will be da, do, du, and gia, gio, giu, 

 (pronounced tchah, tcho, tchoo, and jah, jo, joo). For example, 

 ciascuno (tchah-skdo-no), everybody; ciancia (tchahn-tchah), 

 foolery; do (tch6), that, what; doe (tchoe), that is to say; 

 bracdo (braht-tcho), arm ; duffo (tchdof-fo), I catch, I snap ; 

 durma (tchdorr-mah), a mob, a crew of galley-slaves ; giallo 

 (jahl-lo), yellow; giorno (jdrr-no), day; giudice (jdo-dee-tchai), 

 judge; giustizia (joo-stee-tzeeah), justice; giubilo (jdo-bee-lo), 

 joy jubilee. 



When c follows the letter s, thus forming the combination sc, 

 and when at the same time it precedes the vowels a, o, and u, 

 or the consonants I and. r, it will be clearly apparent that the c 

 in this case will follow the general rule, and be sounded like k; 

 as sea, sco, sou, scla, etc., scri, etc. (pronounced skah, sko, skoo, 

 sklah, etc., skree, etc.). When, however, the combination sc 

 immediately precedes the vowels e and i, the sound of the c is 

 less compressed than without the s before itj and sc in such 

 cases is sounded like sh in English words. The combinations 

 see and sd will therefore be pronounced shai, or she, and shoe. 

 But when c, with an s before it and with e or i to follow, is to 

 retain the sound of k just as before a, o, and u, recourse is had 

 to the same auxiliary letter h to indicate the preservation of the 

 sound of c like k ; and the combinations sche and schi are pro- 

 nounced skai, or ske, and skee. When, on the other hand, c 

 with an s before it, and with the vowels a, o, and at to follow, is 

 to be pronounced not like skah, sko, skoo, but like sh, recourse 

 must be had to the letter i, which is interposed between sc and 

 a, o, and u, just as in those cases where, as we have seen, c 

 standing by itself is to have the compressed sound of c in 

 church before a, o, and u ; and the combinations thus arising, 

 sda, sdo, and sdu, will be pronounced shah, sho, and shoo. 

 The previous observation holds good in this case likewise, that 

 in more studied pronunciation the letter i is in these combina- 

 tions slightly touched, though the voice must rapidly glide to 

 the enunciation of the vowels a, o, and u. Examples : Scarpa 

 (skahrr-pah), shoe; scoppiare (skop-peeah-rai), to burst, crack; 

 scuffia (skdof-feeah), a woman's cap ; schema (skerr-no), mockery; 

 schifare (skee-fah-rai), to avoid, to have an aversion forj scio- 

 mare (sklah-mah-rai), to exclaim; scrivere (skree- vai-rai), to write; 

 scelto (shel-to), selected; scevro (shai-vro), separated; sciame 

 (shah-mai), a swarm of bees; coscio. (ko-shah), thigh; sdolto 

 (sh61-to), ungirded ; sciocco (shok-ko), stupid ; asdutto (ah-shdot. 

 to), dry. 



The combinations gl, gn, and some others, I shall explain by 

 notes, as they occur in the next pronouncing table, which 

 illustrates several combinations of the letters c, g, and s. 



FIFTH PRONOUNCING TABLE, 



1. Che, Chi, Qhe, Ghi. 



Italian. Pronounced. English. 



Cheto kai-to Quiet. 



China ke'e-no Descent, bent 



