254 



THE POPULAR EDUCATOK. 



entire circuit of the city with a wall, so as to prevent the egres 

 of the besieged, and to put a stop to all supplies reaching th 

 city. Two out of the three lines of defence erected by the Jews 

 were taken one after the other, with desperate slaughter on 

 both sides ; but the thii d wall, including the defences of the 

 Temple, was held with wonderful resolution. Vain wore the 

 repeated attempts of Titus to bring the inhabitants to terms 

 they would not listen to any proposals, and the patriotism c: 

 the people was shown by the divided factions, which had hitherto 

 weakened the national defences, combining to bring about a 

 united defence, and by the unparalleled courage of the Jews 

 who devoted themselves in companies for the common weal. A1 

 length hunger that most terrible of persuaders -began to tel 

 npon them. A famine, unprecedented in the annals of war, 

 aided the pestilence and the sword of the enemy. Several 

 thousands died of hunger ; there were not left people able to 

 bury the dead ; the most horrible cannibalism was practised 

 mothers eating their own children ; and the sewers and dung- 

 hills were resorted to for remnants of food which might yield 

 some satisfaction to the miserable seekers after it. Deserters 

 came into the Roman camp, only to bo slain for the sake of the 

 gold they were supposed to have swallowed; and prisoners 

 taken with arms in their hands were crucified, or otherwise 

 executed, save those who were sold into a slavery worse than 

 that to which Nebuchadnezzar had subjected their forefathers. 

 Gradually the last defences were assailed, and after a bloody 

 contest carried, amid the despairing cries of the Jews an<J the 

 triumphant shouts of the Romans. The Temple, well garrisoned, 

 resisted last of all, and by its defence so exasperated were the 

 Roman soldiers, that, in spite of positive orders from Titus to 

 the contrary, they fired the gates, and even while the Roman 

 commanders were in the Holy of Holies, which they were 

 anxious to save, set the entire Temple ablaze in a great sheet of 

 flame, which destroyed, besides the garrison, six thousand per- 

 sons, including women and children, who had taken refuge in 

 one of the courts. Fierce was the rage of the soldiery, ample was 

 the opportunity for exhibiting it ; and not all the exhortations, 

 not all the threats of the officers could stop them in the work 

 of destruction. For several days the work of death went on ; 

 neither age nor sex was spared ; the nation, as represented by 

 Jerusalem, was involved in one common destruction, and it was 

 never known how many thousands perished after the city was 

 actually taken. Ninety thousand persons were sold into slavery, 

 and Josephus estimates the number of Jews who perished by 

 famine, pestilence, and the sword, during the siege, at upwards 

 of a million. The anger of the conquerors was not satisfied with 

 the destruction of the people the very stones of the city excited 

 wrath. The Temple, which had been burnt with much of the 

 treasure within it, was thrown down, not one stone being left 

 upon another, and Roman soldiers drove a plough over the 

 blood-stained ground which had been the site of the Holy of 

 Holies. A few houses alone remained to show where had once 

 been a city, and the captives who were saved were only so 

 spared to grace the triumph of the Roman conquerors in Rome. 



LESSONS IN GREEK. XIX. 



THE PRONOUNS. 



PRONOUNS express the relation of an object to the speaker, 

 inasmuch as they present either the speaker himself as the 

 object (the first person), the person addressed (the second person), 

 or the person spoken of (the third person) ; as I (first person), 

 the teacher, give you (second person) the book (third person). 



Pronouns may be divided into five classes namely, the 

 personal, the demonstrative, the relative, the indefinite, and the 

 interrogative. 



I. PERSONAL PRONOUNS. 



1. The Substantive Personal Pronouns. 



(i.) The simple, namely, fyoi (Lat. ego), I; <rv (Lat. tu), thou; 

 ov, of himself. 



Singular. 



Nom. eyca, I ; <rv, thou ; 



Gen. fj.ov (ffj.ov), of me ; trov, of thee ; ov, of himself. 

 Dat. fj,oi (ffioi), to me ; (roi, to thee ; ot, to himself. 

 Ace. e CejuOi me ; , thee j I, himself. 



Dual. 



N. A. vu, we (us) two ; ff<jxa, you two ; 

 G.D. v<fv, of (to) us two; crtyyv, of (to) 

 you two; 

 Plural. 

 vfj.is, you ; 

 vficav, of you ; 

 vfj.iv, to you ; 

 vfj,as, you; 



two. 



of (to) them 



Nom. fiftfis, we; 

 Gen. rifnoiv, of us ; 

 Dat. rifj.iv, to us; 

 Ace. rifj.as, us ; 



n., artpfa, they, 

 of them. 



ff<f>iff to themselves, 

 n., ffcpfa, them- 

 selves. 



AUTOS, -ri, -o is sometimes given as the third person, yet it 

 has the force of the English he, she, it only in the oblique cases ; 

 in the nominative it signifies not simply he, but he himself. In 

 truth, the Greeks had no pronoun which exactly corresponds 

 with our personal pronoun of the third person. 



VOCABULARY. 



II 2iryxaipw (dat.), I 

 rejoice with (some 

 one). 



Tpafj.fj.a, -aros, TO, a Aia<f>fp(c (gen.), 

 letter ; pi., letters, differ from, 

 that is, learning. Aia<j>9fipu>, I corrupt, 

 destroy. 



EXERCISE 62. GREEK-ENGLISH. 



1. Eyu p.fv ypaifxa, <rv Se rcaifais. 2. 2e$o/iai fff, eo fj.fya Zfv. 

 3. fl Trai, anovf fj.ov. 4. 'O TTOTTJO /J.OL <f>i\raros fffri. 5. 'O 8fos 

 ati fff &\fTTfi. 6. Ei fj,f /JAcwrreis, OVK ex&p(ai> Siatyfpfis. 7. Eyw 

 ffov fppu>fj.fvfffrfpos ei/xi. 8. 'HSecos rreidofiai ffoi, w rrarfp. 9. 

 'Kfj.fis vfj.iv ffvyxa.ipofi.fv, 10. 'H Aupa vfj.as fvtppaivfi. 11. 'O 

 6tos rjfj.iv rro\\a ayaBa 7rape%fj. 12. 'O rear-rip vfias ffrepyfi. 

 13. AvtipeKas fj.ax,fff9e, ca ffrpanurai' vf>.<av yap fffri ri]v TCO\IV 

 <j)v\amiv et yap v/jifis <pfvytr(, rcaffa rj rco\is 5ia(f>6ttpfrai. 14. 

 'Yficav effrtv, a> rraiSes, ra ypafj.fj.ara ffrrovSaitas fiavQavfiv. 15. *H 

 jur/TTjp v<a ffrepyfi. 16. Ncav rjv Kaitri voffos. 17. 2</> 6X 6Te 

 <pi\ov mffrorarov. 18. 2(j}CfV o rearr\p x a P'C Tal * <?<$><>> yap 

 ffrtovfiauas ra ypafifiara fiavOavfrf. 19. Ii 8eo"7roTO, aKove fj,ov. 



The personal pronouns in the nominative are employed only, 

 then, when a certain emphasis falls on them, especially in con- 

 trasts. In order to show in what instances they should bo 

 used in the following Exercises, the words where they are re- 

 quired are printed in italics. 



EXERCISE 63. ENGLISH-GREEK. 



1. We write, but you play. 2. We two write, but you two 

 play. 3. I honour you, O ye gods ! 4. O boy, hear us ! 5. 

 God always sees you. 6. If thou injurest us, thou differest not 

 from enemies. 7. You rejoice with us. 8. I willingly hear 

 you, O parents. 9. Father loves thee and me. 10. Mother 

 loves you both. 11. It is my duty (it is of me) to watch the 

 house, for I am the guardian of the house. 12. It is thy duty, O 

 boy, to learn earnestly. 13. The lyre affords pleasure to thee 

 and me. 14. You two have (fffri, with dat.) a very faithful 

 friend. 



The reflective pronouns, ffiavrov, of myself; fffavrov, of 

 thyself; favrov, of himself. 



Singular. 



Gen. ffiavrov, -iis', ff favrov (erauTou),-?;?; favrov (avrov), -175. 

 Dat. ffj,avrcj>, -rj ; o"eouT^ (ffavry), -y ; tavrtf (avrcf), -77. 



Ace. fnavrov, -r]V', fffavrov (ffavrov), rjv; favrov (avrov), -rfv, -o. 

 Plural, 

 avrtav ; 



Gen. 



avruv ', 



Dat. rip.iv avrois, -ais ; vfj.iv avrois, -ais ', 



Ace. rjfj-as avrovs, -as ; vfj.as avrovs, -as ; 



kavrwv or avrcav, or 



<r<p(ov avruv. 

 tavrots, -ais, or av- 

 rois, -ais, or <r<f>i(ru> 

 avrois, -ais. 

 tavrovs, -as, -a, or 

 avrovs, -as, -a, or 

 ffcfias avrovs, -as, 

 ff<pfa avra. 



iii. The reciprocal pronouns. 



While the reflective pronouns throw the act back on the sub- 

 iect, the reciprocals denote the interchange of the act, or the 

 nfluence between two persons or two sets of persons : thus 

 a\\rj\cav means of one another; a\\nfrois, to one another; and 

 a\\r)\ovs, one another. 



Plural. 



Gen. a\\r)\tav, 

 Dat. a\\ri\ois, -ais, -ois, 

 Ace. a\\Tj\ovs, -as, -a. 



Dual. 



a\\ri\oiv, -aiv, 'Oiy. 

 a\\r)\oii>, -air, -oiv, 

 a\\rj\a>, -a, -u. 



