RECREATIVE NATURAL HISTORY. 



m 



ov, free 

 from envy. 

 BAa0r0oy, -a, -o, in- 

 jurious, 



r,-o'(gon.), 

 ovil-'loiiif,' ; as a 

 noun,anovil-doer. 



l, tho in- 

 habitant* of ovpa- 

 vot, hoavon ; that 

 is, tho god*. 



<A/UOJ, -Of, UHO- 



ful. 



VOCABULARY. 

 Movof, only. 

 Tltpt(p(pti>, I carry 



round ; hence oar 



ptritptory, 

 riAouTi^ai, I enrich. 

 Ovcria, -at, rj, essence; 



property. 



EXERCISE 64. GREEK-ENGLISH. 



I. *O &ios iroAAa Auirrjpa tv iavrtp (or avrtf) <pipd. 2. 

 fffaurov (ffavrov). 3. Boi/Aou aptatcttv iracri, /nj ffavrtp fiovov. 4. 

 'O crocpor ff auTif> irfpt<pfpfi TTJV ovffiav. 5. 4>iAo)i' tiraivov /taAAov 

 j ffauToi/ A7t. (5. AptTt) Ka0" iaurtjv (per so, in itself) tffTt /taAij. 



7. O irAf ovKTai aurouf /uv irAot/T^bia'<i', aAAouj 8 fiKairrovaiv. 



8. Oux * afpaTjy rojy /av aAAou /3Aa/3fpoi, tourou (or a^nffiv 

 auToiy) (T< u<pf \tfi.ot tiaiv, aAAa ttaxovpyoi p.tv Ttav a\\uv, tavrtav 

 (or fftfxav O.VTWV) vo\v KaitovpyoTtpot. 9. 'H^ttis /ttv ^/xiv 

 OUTOIS ijSifTTa ^'apiy)/u0a. 10. A<f>6ovot OvpatSai KOI (even) cv 

 aAATjAois (KTii'. 11. O/ KCUCOI aAAfAouy /SAaTrroucru'. 



I:RCISE 65. ENGLISH-GREEK. 



1. Tho wise carry their (tho) property about in themselves. 

 2. Tho avaricious man enriches himself, but injures others. 3. 

 Yon gratify yourselves. 4. The intemperate is not hurtful to 

 others, but useful to himself; but ho is an evil-doer to others, 

 and a much greater evil-doer to himself. 5. Good children love 

 one another. 



2. Adjective Personal Pronouns, or Possessive Pronouns. 

 Certain pronouns partake of the nature of an adjective as 

 well as of a pronoun. For instance, my, in " my book," quali- 

 fies the noun book, and might, without serious error, be denomi- 

 nated an adjective ; but since my also represents a noun, a noun 

 of tho first person, or tho pronoun I which holds its place, my 

 may also be termed a pronoun. My, consequently, is both an 

 adjective and a pronoun, or an adjective pronoun ; inasmuch, 

 too, as my, thy, his, etc., signify possession, they may be also 

 designated possessive pronouns. The possessive pronouns are 



E/xoy, -17, -ov, my, 

 croy, -tj, -ov, thy, 

 ffipfTtpos, -a, -ov, theirs, 



-a, -ov, our. 

 -a, -ov, your. 



Instead of /*os, the Attics employed the genitive tpavTov, -771, 

 -oi/, in a reflective meaning, and aurov, -r;s, -ov, in tho signi- 

 fication of the personal pronoun of tho third person.- for ex- 

 ample, TvwTet TOV iavTov vlov, he strikes the son of himself, that is, 

 he strikes his son, or his own son ; you may also say Tim-ret TOV 

 vlov TOV tavTov ; also Tinrrei auTov TOV vlov, or again TOV vlov 

 avrov. 



The possessive pronoun is used in Greek only for the sake of 

 emphasis. iWhen no contrast or other marked force is intended, 

 tho pronoun is omitted, and its place is supplied by the article, 

 as ij fJiriT-rip ffTfpytt TTJC OvyaTtpa, literally, the mother loves the 

 daughter, that is, the mother loves her daughter. The person of 

 the verb and the import of the proposition show what pronoun 

 you should supply in English. Instead of the adjective personal 

 pronoun epos, o-os, etc., the Greeks use with the same meaning 

 the genitive of the substantive personal pronoun, as tjuou, <rov 

 also fjuat/roi;, etc. 



VOCABULARY. 

 v, -ov, neglectful. 



handle, conduct, govern. 



EXERCISE 66. GREEK-ENGLISH. 

 1. 'O c^tos iraTTjp ayatios tffTiv or 6 tca.rr\p fj.ov ayaOos tffriv or 

 /j.ov 6 ira.Tt\p. 2. Tlcurts <rTtpyovo~i TOVS ff<pfTfpov$ 

 vaTtpas' or TOUJ eavriav irartpaj- or TOVS irarpas TOVS lavrtav. 

 3. Ol untrepoi iratSfs o-TrouSaiws TO. ypafj.ft.aTa ftavOavovfftv. 4. Ol 

 TraiSts vfiav KaAot eifftv. 5. 'ffj.wv ol iraiSc? cr-jrovSaioi tiffiv. 6. 

 Ta f]fi.<oi> avrwv TtKva- or TO. Ttuva ra fifiuv avrtav \^fyofj.fv. 7. 'O 

 4>iAos ffov iriffTos tffTiv. 8. 'O fyi\os fiov aviffros ftmv. 9. 'O 

 croy rovs TO <rov ff<a/j.a f*.(Taxf'pi*Tai. 10. 'O ntv t^toy fats 

 inrovSaws eoTu/, 6 5e <rcs nedijuuv. 



EXERCISE 67. ENGLISH-GREEK. 



1. Thy father is good. 2. My father is good. 3. Our father 

 is good. 4. Their slaves are bad. 5. Our children learn dili- 

 gently, but your children are neglectful. 6. Thy friend admires 

 his own deeds, but not those of others. 



I TO KXEBCISE8 IN LESSONS IN GDEEK.-XVIIL 



.:CIBE8 FROM TUB ClAMICfl. GBEKK-EWOLIHH. 

 1. Every bard tMnff k "Kb difflcultjr oftenod. 1 H*vra to 

 brazra externully. 3. Bion nMd to My tbt be WM uiifortuMtU Ui*t 

 did not bear minfortuue. 4. Philosophy teacbM tbt * ouybt to 

 be very (oyful in proiperit/, and not to be greatly excited *ad like wild 

 beaut* in our poMiocn. 5. How can men who are either thltl, or 

 careltM, or avricioi, or treacLeroua, or incontinent, become oat 

 friends? 0. Wealth and external gilt* are profit!*** to those who bar* 

 tbem without virtue. 7. What bird is sweeter than the nigbttafkl* I 

 8. Second thought* are somehow wi*er. 9. Darin* and I'ary*ati* 

 have two sons; the elder is Artaxenes, and the younger i* Cyras. 

 10. Women are more given to mourning than men. 11. To do in- 

 justice is worse than to suffer injustice. 12. Agesilaus used to *ajr 

 concerning the great king, In what respect is be greater than I am, 

 unless he is more just? 13. Zeno seeing Tbeophnctns wondering at 

 his having so many disciple*, The band of that one is greater, said be, 

 but mine is more harmonious. 14. Sophocles was wi*e, Eoripide* wa* 

 wiser, but Socrates was the wisest of all men. 15. The bee by nature 

 finds out the smoothest and most useful honey. 16. All men perform 

 things they know very easily, swiftly, beautifully, and pleasantly. 

 17. Do each thing well and manfully. 18. O Astyages, be said, yoo 

 have acted nobly in speaking first. 19. They punish those who 

 ore caught as bad thieves. 20. It is uncertain whether it will be 

 better or worse. 21. How can he honour the gods better or more 

 piously ? 22. Socrates seeing a little boy rich and uneducated, Lo, said 

 he, a golden slave ! 



EXERCISE 61. ENGLISH-GREEK. 



1. Oi aoifai ov fr)TOv<n ra tfa. 2. Tvvaixtt waa\o<Hii /jaXiirra r T 

 3i/ffirpafiaic. 3. 'O uxpaTiK ov ivvarat i^ntoOat r<7Tot <f.i\or. 4 A )* 

 tmv n<5iOTf| tu>v opviDav. 5. Kopiut tan unfa \uwri n itut fuvatft. & 

 'o ffotpia-ratot tart /leyio-Tor. 7. OaK/iafo^ai twi fif e%ttr noXXa xpn/iara. 

 8. Hiot avtptt Caw/iaf OI/ITI M< < ""? 'X*'" oXXa xPHM^Ta. 9. \it\Qot tfiot 

 can aoipot, 6 iraTrip autfiurcpus, 6 <pi\o<ro^>ot tro^wraTor. 10. Ta rcxra 

 ipvaiKiat <j>t\ovai tout TOar. 11. Maxe<r8, WO\ITOI, tu T xai a*optitn vp> 

 tut jroXewr. - 



*" 



RECREATIVE NATURAL HISTORY. 



THE LOBSTER AND CEAYFISH. 



NEARLY everybody has Been a lobster, either dead or alive. 

 People living inland may be only acquainted with the red 

 specimens one sees lying on the fishmonger's slab, bat 

 dwellers on the sea coast know something about the lire 

 animal, which is of a dark -blue colour. For many reasons it 

 is an extremely interesting creature, and for years has been 

 chosen as an excellent subject for dissection by students of 

 biology, on account of the lessons that may be learnt from it con- 

 cerning the structure of the class of animals to which it belongs. 

 These matters, however, are elsewhere discussed, and it will be 

 sufficient for our present purpose to learn a few of the more 

 prominent facts concerning it. First, then, it is worthy of note 

 that the lobster has no internal skeleton, but is provided with 

 a hard external covering in many pieces which answers the 

 same end, forming an outside skeleton. What seems to be the 

 largest part of this outside skeleton is that which covers the 

 head and thorax. Then comes the other portion of the body, 

 in six parts or segments, ending with the tail or telson. These 

 abdominal segments are every one formed on the same plan, 

 each carrying a pair of swimmerets. On the last or sixth 

 segment the swimmerets are more wonderfully developed than 

 those belonging to any of the other segments. Besides these 

 swimmerets there are four many-jointed legs on each side of 

 the thorax, which are known as ambulatory legs, and two largo 

 claws or chelae. The most notable of the appendages of the 

 head are the eye-stalks, the very long antennae, which are about 

 the length of tho whole body, and the four lesser slender 

 appendages in between, which are known as antennules. 



If we were to remove the top portion of its hard covering 

 from the head to the tail, we should come to the various 

 organs necessary for lobster life. Under the large piece of 

 shell we have before mentioned we should observe the stomach, 

 liver, and heart, and on each side, separated from these organs 

 by a partition, there would be visible tho gills, or breathing 

 apparatus, which are attached to the ends of the ambulatory 

 legs and claws. Various arteries would bo seen carrying 

 colourless blood, and the alimentary canal leading from the 

 stomach might be traced to its termination on the nnder- 

 surfaoe of the telson. And upon removing all these parts the 

 nervous system would be seen quite at the bottom, consisting 

 of little knots of white nervous matter at regular intervals, 



