OiMl'Al'ATIVK ANATOMY. 





parent*. 23. The good strive for salvation (literally, safety of soul). 

 84. Boys and irirls livo ou nulk. . II,.- scholars bare discharged 

 tli. -ir .lutiee, 28. Pity tho fallen, O God. 27. Succour the poor. 28. 

 It is peculiar t fully to do good to no oaa. 



You may make great progress in a knowledge of syntax, M 

 you pa>w on through these exercises on the formation of the 

 if you will carefully mark the various forms and eon- 

 Btruotions that oomo successively under your notice. With a 

 view to aid you in this, I mark any considerable deviation : for 

 example, when a verb has its object not in tho accusative case, 

 but the objective, I introduce the abbreviation cum dat., which 

 means that tho verb requires its object to be in tho dative case. 

 Hut I cannot impress it too deeply on your mind, that it in 

 mainly by your own observations, by your own reflections, gene- 

 rally by your own studios and efforts, that you can acquire an 

 acquaintance with tho Latin, or, indeed, any other branch of 

 knowledge. There are many, very many peculiarities which I 

 have not here space to point out. You, too, have difficulties of 

 which I am not aware. It is only by attention and diligence 

 on your own part that the one can bo learned and tho other 

 overcome. Study every lesson in all its parts and relations 

 with tho utmost care. Go over every lesson again and again. 

 What you do not see now you will see by and by ; and what 

 you do not understand now you will understand hereafter. 



KEY TO EXEBCISES IN LESSONS IN LATIN. 

 EXEECISE 110. LATIN-ENGLISH. 



1. You had scarcely confessed your fault, when your father pitied 

 you. 2. You had already admitted that you had erred, when you 

 denied it again. 3. We had not yet entreated your assistance, when 

 you promised it to us. 4. We had scarcely confessed our want, when 

 you most freely promised us your assistance. 5. There is great power 

 in philosophy when it heals our minds, and removes vain anxieties. 

 6. The arts afford us great assistance when they severally support 

 themselves independently. 7. Teachers serve their country well (de- 

 serve well of their country), when they instruct the youth by the study 

 of useful letters. 8. When philosophy heals our minds, we ought to 

 give up ourselves wholly and thoroughly to it. 9. All pitied you, 

 since you were in wretched (circumstances), not in consequence 

 of wickedness, but on account of fortune. 10. Since the soldiers 

 feared dangers, they dared not to fight with the enemies. 11. The 

 covetous (man), though he is extremely rich, will not admit that he 

 has enough. 12. Take pity on us ; O citizens, relieve our want. 18. 

 Let each defend his son. 14. No one, beholding the whole earth, 

 will doubt concerning the providence of God. 15. The citizens, 

 thinking that the enemies were about to attack the city, strove most 

 energetically to drive them back. 16. I come to promise (about to 

 promise) you my assistance. 17. It is the duty of a young man to 

 reverence his elders. 18. You ought in every way to relieve the want 

 of the citizens. 19. Who knows not that you have served the republic 

 well ? (that you have deserved, well of the republic). 20. I hope that 

 you will pity me. 



EXERCISE 111. ENGLISH-LATIN. 



1. Peccata sua fassi sunt. 2. Peccata sua fatebuntur. 3. Fassine 

 erunt peccata ? 4. Pecoata sua non futebitur. 5. Soror mea peccata 

 fossa est. 6. Adolescentes negant so peccata fassuros esse. 7. Eeligio 

 hominum animis medetur. 8. Solum religio vera hominum animis 

 mederi potest. 9. Beligio semper bonorum animos sanavit. 10. O 

 mi pater, miserere mei. 11. Deus, miserere nostri. 12. O Deus, 

 hominum cunctorum miserere. 13. Conjux quisque tuetor uxorem 

 euam. 14. Adolescentes, milites domos suas oppugnaturos rati, proa 

 metu se interfecerunt. 15. Artes ipssa singulae artifices tuentur. 16. 

 Tueuturne artes ipsse se ? 17. Artes artifices tuitra sunt, et tuentur, 

 et tuebuntur. 18. Intuere coelum, et Deum vereberis. 19. Virtutem 

 intuentes, homines fiuut sapientes. 20. Prseclare de republic^ meritus 

 est. 21. Begina prteclare de republica merebitur. 22. Milites pne- 

 clare de patria merit! sunt. 23. Proeclaro de domo mereri non possum. 

 24. Intuetur virtutis exemplar. 25. Fatetur peccata, et veuiam impe- 

 trat. 26. Confess! peccota veuiam impetravcre. 27. Quuui peccata 

 confess! sitis, veniam impetrabitis. 



EXERCISE 112. LATIN-ENGLISH. 



1. Why do we not fear the veterans ? because not even they them- 

 selves wish to be feared. 2. We venerate you, Bomans ; and if you so 

 desire, we even fear you. 3. Let her not be afraid to enter into the 

 house of another. 4. I fear that I am walking out with this ornament 

 for the sake of (exciting) love rather (than for anything else). 5. I 

 shall not cease to be apprehensive about Carthage, until I have 

 ascertained that it is demolished. 6. I fear that Dolabella will not be 

 able to benefit us sufficiently. 7. I received your letter, by which I 

 understood that you were afraid, lest the former (letter) had not 

 been delivered to me. 8. He was afraid, lest he should hurt the mind 

 of Divitiacus by the punishment of that man. 9. I fear if I begin to 



explain thin thing, I shall Mem not to be narrating a life, bat to to 

 writing * history. 10. I do not fear that I hall satisfy you by writing. 



11. I do not fear you will do anything timidly, anything foolishly. 



12. I do not fear that the moderation of my lite will prevail too little 

 against falM rumours. 



EXXBCISB 113. EVOLJSH-LATXX. 



1. Verentur parentee, regem timent. 2. Trrmnni timentnr. 

 rannos timebunt. 4. Parentee meos verebor. 5. Non rereor ae Terbte 

 te expleam. 6. Timetie in boetium caetra introize. 7. Vereor 

 ne frustra legam; de patria metnunt ne excidatur. 8. Timeo a* 

 mater veiiiat. 9. Quid times ne mater veniat? 10. Quia cootrm 

 pnecepta sua ago. 11. Metuunt ne patrons mortuus Bit. 12. Xetno 

 ne Dei ira in hanc urbem incidat. 13. Vita toa contra ceJomniam 

 valebit. 14. Ne verearis ne vita tua contra malorum csJumniam non 

 valeat. 15. Vereris ut tibi prodeese possim. 16. Ne verearie noquid 

 stulte facium. 17. Frater meus non veretnr nequid stolte fadara. 



COMPARATIVE ANATOMY. XIV. 



POLYZOA (BBYOZOA) AND TUNICATA. 



IN the last lesson we concluded our necessarily short account of 

 those animals which belong to Cuvier's great branch of articu- 

 lated animals. We turn from a description of these to review 

 those classes which belong to the other great collateral branch 

 of molluscous animals with some degree of regret. For while 

 the Mollusca present many points of interest, and, like all the 

 works of God, are well worthy of study, yet their peculiar 

 excellences are less attractive in their nature than those of the 

 Articulates. The organs of animals may be classified under two 

 great divisions, according to the nature and object of their 

 functions : namely, those which animals possess in common 

 with plants, and which minister to tho nutrition of the individual 

 and the reproduction of its kind ; and those which belong ex- 

 clusively to animals, and subserve the objects of motion from 

 place to place, the perception of outward objects, and the search 

 for, collection, and capture of these. The first class, which are, 

 of course, the more general and necessary, are called the organs 

 of organic life ; while the last are superadded to the others, and 

 are called the organs of animal life. It is true that the first 

 class of organs must lie at the foundation of all life, and are, 

 therefore, in one sense, tho most important ; but since the other 

 class seems to be the connecting link between mere vegetative 

 existence and the self-conscious life of man, with all its mental 

 phenomena, we cannot but regard these hist as of a higher order. 

 Now the excellence of the Mollusca is, as we have before stated, 

 in the perfection of their organs of organic life, while the Articu- 

 lates exhibit a marked superiority in the organs of animal life. 

 We are, therefore, now turning from those animals whose organs 

 of sense, locomotive apparatus, nervous and muscular systems, 

 and correlated instinct have been such sources of wonder, to 

 examine animals in which these organs and systems of organs 

 are made a secondary consideration to those of the alimentary, 

 secretory, excretory, and reproductive systems. However delu- 

 sive may be tho analogy between instinct and reason, we cannot 

 but feel a certain kind of sympathy with creatures endowed 

 with great active powers, and who adapt these to the attain- 

 ment of ends which the reason declares desirable. Perception 

 and volition the power of knowing and acting may, in a certain 

 sense, be attributed to insects ; and although these powers are. 

 doubtless, very different in their nature to the powers which 

 pass by the same name of which we are conscious, yet they 

 have something in common, and in their manifestation they are 

 so alike, that it is only by a strict analysis that we can dissociate 

 them. Prove as we may that the habits and instincts of the 

 honey-bees, as manifested in their social economy, in the collec- 

 tion of wax and its application to the construction of their ad- 

 mirable cell architecture, in storing the pollen of flowers for 

 feeding their young, and of honey for winter food, are evidences 

 of no higher perception and powers, BO far as the insects are 

 concerned, than those which are shown by ourselves when we 

 wink our eyes when a grain of sand is blown towards them, or 

 when we snatch away our hands from a scorching flame ; yet 

 our imaginative faculty will not permit us so to regard the sub- 

 ject. Perhaps the connection between instinct and reason is 

 not quite so delusive after all, and probably we may have to 

 look for the origin of many of the opinions as well as the prac- 

 tices of men in those instincts which we possess in common 

 with the lower animals. To say the least of it, the glory and 

 the wisdom of the great Creator lose nothing by being in part 



