294 



THE POPULAK EDUCATOB. 



fore, in this branch of drawing, we advise our pupils to take it 

 separately ; that is, to make especial drawings and studies with- 

 out any additional landscape. They will find that figure-draw- 

 ing will . require a very close and undivided attention. After- 

 wards, from a well-stocked portfolio of these studies, selections 

 may be made and employed according to the nature of the sub- 

 ject for special purposes. Many artists are never without their 

 pocket sketch-book and pencil, with which they are always 

 prepared to note down groups of figures, animals, boats, 

 wagons, farm implements, or anything that may be considered 

 of sufficient importance to introduce into a picture. As a pre- 

 paration for this course of study, we strongly recommend the 

 practice of drawing from simple objects, which can be conveni- 

 ently and readily obtained. With regard to the practical treat- 

 ment of trees, which to beginners are the most difficult passages 

 in landscape, we would refer our pupils to Lessons in Drawing, 

 XIII., Vol. I., page 391 ; No. XIV., Vol. II., page 7 ; No. XV.. 

 page 39 ; and No. XVI., page 72. They will there find all the 

 instruction that is necessary for their guidance. 



In conclusion, we wish to say a few words to those who really 

 possess a desire to excel in drawing from Nature, and to urge 

 them never to let an occasion pass by which can afford them an 

 opportunity for gathering facts and ideas in reference to their 

 art. Constant observation is highly important. It is not abso- 

 lutely necessary to be always drawing. The mind can at all 

 times gather hints which are valuable. It is not the forms of 

 objects only which must engross their attention. There are 

 effects and combinations everywhere to be seen, which must be 

 thoughtfully contemplated and stored up for practical use ; and 

 if a free and correct manner of drawing has been acquired, the 

 pleasure of being able to use it successfully for the purpose of 

 depicting the beauties of Nature will far more than compensate 

 the student for the labour he has bestowed, or the trouble and 

 anxiety he has experienced in overcoming the difficulties en- 

 countered in his progress. 



LESSONS IN GEEEK. XX. 



II. DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS 



A.RE so called because they demonstrate (Lat. de and monstro, I 

 enow) or point out persons and things, showing what particular 

 person or thing is in any case intended. They are <58, that 

 person here ; ovros, this person ; avros, he himself. 



Singular. Plural. 



M. p. x. M. r. w. 



Nom. 6Se, ^8e, roSe. o/Se, aide, raSe. 



Gen. rovSe, rijcrSe, rovSe. rcavSe, rwvSe, rcavSe. 



Dat. rtiiSe, rrjSf, rcaSe. roiffSf, raiffSf, roiffSe. 



Acc. rovtie, rnvSe, roSe. rovcrdt, rao-St, raSt. 



Dual. 



M. F. N. 



N.A. roiSe, raSe, rtaSe. 



G.D. roivSe, raivSe, roivSe. 



Singular. Plural. 



M. F. N. M. F. N. 



Nom. ouros, avrti, rovro. ovroi, avrai, ravra. 



Gen. rovrov, ravr-qs, rovrov. rovrcav, rovrwv, rovrwv. 



Dat. rovrca, ravrri, rovrta. rovrois, ravrais, rovrois. 



Acc. rovrov, ravrijv, rovro. rovrovs, ravras, ravra. 



Dual. 



N.A. TCUTW. ravra, 



G.D. Toy-row, ravraiv, 



Singular. 



M. F. N. 



Nom. avros, avri], avro, 



Gen. avrov, OVTTJS, avrov. 



Dat. avry, avrrj, avrcf. 



Acc. avrov, avrrjy, K.VTO. 



M. 



TO I/TO). 

 TOUTOIJ'. 



Plural. 



F. 



avroi, avrai, avra. 



Kvrcav, avrwv, uvnav. 



avrois, avrais, avrois. 



avrovs, avras, avra. 



Dual. 



M. F. N. 



N.A. avrca, avra, avrea, 



G.D. avroiv, avraiv, avroiv. 



The pronoun 6Se, 7786, ToSe, is made up of the article o, rj, ro, 

 and the particle tie. 



Like OUTOS decline roffovros, roffcanr], roffovro, so great; 



roiovros, roiavrij, roiovro, such; rri\iKovros, r-ri\iKovrr], TTJ\I- 

 Kovro, so old, so great. Eemark, however, that the neuter sin- 

 gular, besides the form in -o, has a form in -ov. 



Singular. 



Nom. roffovros, 



Gen. roo~ovrov, 



Dat. roffovrca, 



Acc. TOCTOUTOV, 



Nom. raffovroi, 



Gen. roffovrcav, 



Dat. ToirouTots, 



Acc. roffovrovs, 



roffavrrj, 

 roffavrrjs, 



roffavrnv, 

 Plural. 



roaovrcav, 



rocrovro (v), 

 rovovrou. 



TliVUJTCf. 



roffovro (v). 



roffavra. 

 roffovrwv, 

 rocrovrois. 

 roffavra. 



roffavras, 

 Dual. 



N.A. roffovrta, roffavra, TOOOVTW. 



G.D. roffovroiv, roffavraiv, roffovroiv. 



The pronoun avros, -r,, -o, signifies either he himself (ipse, 

 ipsa, ipsum), or performs the office of the oblique cases of the 

 personal pronoun, third person, singular and plural, as him, 

 her, it, them. In union with the article, thus forming b avros, 

 77 OUTTJ, TO avro, it signifies the same (in Latin, idem, eadem, 

 idem). The article by crasis mingles with the pronoun, making 

 one word thus, 6 avros = avros, and in the feminine and neuter 

 avrr], ravro, commonly ravrov; but as the crasis does not ex- 

 tend throughout, I give the pronoun in full. 



6 avros contracted into avros. 

 Singular. Plural. 



Nom. OUTOS, avrr], ravrov. avroi, avrai, ravru. 



Gen. ravrov, rr)S avrrjs, ravrov. rwv avrtav, etc. 

 Dat. ravrcfj, ravrr], ravrtp. rois avrois, etc. 



Acc. rov avrov. rrjv avrvv, ravrov. rovs avrovs, etc. 



Here you must pay attention to the difference of accent thus, 

 ravrrj, to the same (woman), is to be distinguished from ravrri, 

 to this (woman) ; and ravra, the same things, is to be distin- 

 guished from ravra, these things. 



III. THE RELATIVE PRONOUN 6s, T), 6, who. 



Singular. Plural. Dual. 



Nom. os, 77, b. ot, al, a. &, a, u. 



Gen. ov, r]s, ov. &v, &v, &v. olv, aiv, olv. 



Dat. if, r), d. ois, ais, ols. olv, aiv, olv. 



Acc. 6f, ijv, b. ovs, as, a. u, a, &. 



IV. INDEFINITE AND INTERROGATIVE PRONOUNS. 



Declension of ris, some one ; and ris, who ? 

 Indefinite ris, some one. Interrogative ris, who ? 



M. & F. N. Singular. 



Nom. ris, ri, somewhat, ris, who, which ? ri, what? 



Gen. rivos,or rov, rivos, or TOV. 



Dat. nvi, or rtf, rivi, or rtp. 



Acc. riva, n, riva, rl. 



Plural. 



Nom. rives, riva, or OTTO, rives, riva. 



Gen. nvwv, rlvtav. 



Dat. riffi, riffi. 



Acc. rivas, riva, or arra, rivas, riva. 



Dual. 



N.A. rive, rive. 



G.D. nvoiv, rlvoiv. 



The indefinite ns is an enclitic that is, it inclines or 

 throws back its accent on the foregoing word. In general the 

 indefinite pronouns are distinguished from the interrogative by 

 being enclitics, and by their coming after, while the interro- 

 gative stand before, other words. 



By uniting 6s with ris, we obtain 6ffris, }m, bn, who, wlio- 

 ever ; which is declined thus : 



Singular. Plural. 



Nom. bffns, TJTJS, bn. olnves, alnves, anva, or O.TTO. 



Gen. ovnvos, or brov, 7]ffnvos. aivnvwv, br<av. 

 Dat. ainvi, or brta, rjnvi. olffriffi (rarely oVois), olffriffi. 



Acc. dvriva, r/vnva, bn. Canvas, affnvas, anva, or TTO, 



Dual. 

 N.A. unve, arivt. Q-.D. olvnvotv, olvnvair- 



