n.Ml'AKATIYi; ANATOMY. 



( 7 ) !Ter flntere, tho Kecond. 



(") (Atcijbate, miner, grasping 

 man. 



(*) Cab 511, looked on. 



( lu ) sNei -vauren, in crowds. 



(") U<roib.infen, Krt'ud-HhopH. 



('-) Utbitrmen, compassion. 



( w ) @amnulii. l>o collected. 



( u ) Ctytune, /. barn. 



| u ) <$lop cr tic ibur ju, be shut 



tho door ; pros. \d> fd;Ure 



JU ; imp/, id) fd;lo? )U ; J>. 



yo( jugefdjlpffen. 

 (") Mnfttden, set fire to. 

 (") feammt, together with. 



:iunmen, were whining. 

 i 1 '-'. i 'i'dim-ii'ii-. inijif. of Txtmiam, 



to bo able. 

 ( 90 ) id; }u friften, to have a 



respite. 



17. 3ofepl; II., flaifer on Deflreief;. 



II., flaifec son Deftreid;, roellte einem alttn Cfrijier jur Unter 

 unf 'JJficae'-' von teffon fraufer rtt.ni feme lefcten 24 OMtihirfe 

 geben. ,,!Ta ift ^u viel," unterbrad; 3 ein Jjoflhuj,' 1 ,,24 (Mullen fmb genug." 

 H -&aben ic ticfc Y " Qn Ditnftftrtige 4 jiefyt fold;t emfio. out In 



iHinnit in. nut KIIU- U 1 oVUftucfc Innai. unb giebt fit tern Offijttr 

 niit ten iBorten : ,,!8etanfen ie fid; bei tern ^errn, ter iel't 

 wr.jnii.]t tariiber ifl, aui$ (5tma jut I'mterung* 3f>rer 9U'tf> beigetragen 7 



JU 1)1.1 



VOCABULARY AND NOTES. 



(') llntcrfultitiiij, /. sustenance. 



(*) $flege, /. nursing, care. 



( s ) UmeTbradi, tlio imperfect of 

 the verb untcrbrccijcn, to in- 

 terrupt. 



( 4 ) J&ofling, m. courtier. 

 ( 4 ) Dienflfertige, officious, (liter- 

 ally) ready to serve. 



( 6 ) I'interung, /. lessening, relief. 



( 7 ) !i?eitragen, to contribute. 



18. ftrtebricfy ber rope unb fein Qlrjt. 



3immcrmann, cin auigejetd;neter 5lrt l fam von Hannover, urn Sdetrid; 

 ten @ropcn in feiner lefcten Jtranffitit 511 bebanbeln. 2 Sine* Iage fagte 

 ter Jtonig ju ibm ; ,,@ie 6>6en, roic id; vermutb.e, 3 2Wand>em in tie antere 

 Jffiett geftolfen." 4 Sie roar eine grobe JReteweife 5 unb eine unangenetymc 

 J)itle fur ten Doctor; abcr tie S)ofi, weldje er bent Jlonige wieter gab, iuar 

 <tn frf;arrTtnntgc f> emifd; von 2Bab,rf>eit unb @d;meid;etei : 7 .Slicfjt fo 

 ielen, aU @. ajfajefldt, unb aud; nid;t mit fo viel ttb,rc." 



VOCABULARY AND NOTES. 



Q l ) Distinguished physician. 



( 2 ) JBefcanbeln, to treat. 



( 8 ) SQBie id; vermutl;e, as I guess. 



( 4 ) e^olfen, p. p. of I)clfen,to help. 



( 8 ) iobe ajetemeife, rude 

 speech. 



( 6 ) @d;arffinnig, clever. 



( 7 ) @d;meid;elei, /. flattery. 



19. Garl ber 3^'eite unb fein 9Bifd?of. 



Sari ttt 3roeite fragtc ben iBifcfjof tiUingffeet, trie tt juginge, 1 tap tr 

 <jett>ofmlid; c^ne 23ud; vretigte, 2 aber bei t>fe feine i^retigten immer 

 ablafc. 3 Dtr 'J3ifd;of antworttte : ,,!Die Sfjrfurd;! 4 vor einem fo gropcn 

 unb roeifen Surften mad;t, tap id; mid; nid;t traue. 3t6er toolkit ffiu. 

 aJiajefiiit mir tagegcn 6 aud; tine 8rage etlauben? SBarum lefen fie 3bre 

 JHctcn im Sparlammtt?" M ffiarum?" emicberte ber Jtonig, ,,ta will id; 

 fcir aufrid;tig c fagen. 3d; ^abe ftc fo oft urn elb gebtten, 7 bap id; mid; 

 (d;ame, i^nen in eftd;t ju fe^en." 8 



VOCABULARY AND NOTES. 

 (') Suginge, happened ; subj. ( 4 ) (5^rfurd;t, /. reverence. 



imp/, of }iigeh,en ; pres. id; 

 gele 511 ; impf. id; ging ju ; p. 



. 



(2) '^retigtc, preached (from Lat. 



prcedicare). 



( 3 ) 9lbldfe, read. 



( s ) iDagegen, in return. 



( 6 ) ?lufvid;tig, plainly, openly. 



(') Urn elb gebeten, begged 



money. 

 ( 8 ) Sfinen in efid;t ;u feljen, to 



look them into tho face. 





COMPARATIVE ANATOMY. XV. 



BIVALVE MOLLUSCS : BEACHIOPODA (= PALLIOBRAN- 

 CHIATA) AND CONCHIFEHA (= LAMELLIBRANCHIATA). 



THERE are two classes of soft-bodied animals which secrete a 

 hard, chalky substance in the form of two hollow saucer shaped 

 pieces, that fit more or less closely together along their edges, 

 and which, therefore, when drawn together, can completely 

 protect the animal, that lies wholly between them, from all 

 injury. These are called Bivalve Molluscs. The shells are 

 usually so united at one point in their circumferences as fa> play 

 upon that point as a hinge, while the remainder of the two shells 

 can be separated so as to gape more or less widely on the side 

 opposite the hinge. In this manner the creatures can keep open 

 bouse when their guests are likely to be those upon which they 



can prey, and can that their folding doom when tiuj we thrav 

 Mire* likely to be rictimued. TheM hell* are tuoally thick 

 and heavy, especially in thote pecim which an marina, Cor the 

 wear and tear of the sea u greater, and the predatory ert^uu 

 more powerful than those in freah water. Moreover, the box or 

 honae mu>t be tolerably capacious, otberwiM the creator** 

 coul'l not breathe while they were in a state of siege, and most 

 .r at discretion to the expectant lobster or other free- 

 booter of the deep. It follows that this arrangement is not 

 well suited to locomotion ; and not being locomotive to any 

 great degree, they are not endowed with those perfect organs of 

 sense that must be possessed by those animals which chase 

 their prey. When organs of sense are possessed, they are 

 usually collected on a protruded part of the body, and placed 

 above tho mouth, which opens at the front part Such a pro- 

 jection, which Bupj>urU tho eyes, feelers, ears, and smelling 

 capsules, and contains a nervous centre conveniently and closely 

 situated to these gateways of knowledge, is usually called a 

 head. Now these bivalve molluscs are distinguished from the 

 higher orders in having no heads, and are called acephalous. 

 They have mouths, and a nerve-knot above this ; but the mouth 

 is not prominent, and lies far within tho shelly box, and often 

 between soft projections of the body, which extend some 

 distance beyond it. Thoir organs of sense are also very poor 

 and imperfect; and when they are possessed at all, they are 

 placed in other parts of the body. The two classes which 

 together compose the group of headless, two-shelled Mollusca 

 are extremely different in structure throughout. There is, how- 

 ever, an external difference by which they may be distinguished 

 by a superficial observation. In the Brochiopods the shells are 

 secreted on extensions of the membrane of the body on the 

 bock and front of the animals ; while in the Conchifera the shells 

 are placed upon membranes which are developed from the side* 

 of tho animal. Thus, if both animals were split down the 

 middle by a cutting instrument, which should leave the divided 

 halves more or less alike, that instrument would pass through 

 both shells of the Brochiopods, dividing them both into two 

 equal parts, while it would not cut the shells of the Conchifer 

 at all, but only sever them the one from the other. This 

 arrangement of the animal to the shell is contrasted in the 

 illustration, in which it will be seen that the separate shells of 

 the Brachiopod are bisected into two absolutely aimi'lm- halves 

 by a line running down the middle. On the other hand, a line 

 dividing the Brachiopod so as to sever the shells leaves two 

 portions, which are unlike, both in size and form. A similar 

 line, separating the conchiferous shell, leaves two equal and 

 similar parts. It should, however, be remarked that the ordinary 

 position occupied by both classes of bivalves, resting as they 

 do on tho bottom of the sea, sometimes interferes with the 

 bilateral symmetry of the Conchifers, while it leaves that of the 

 Brachiopods untouched. In the Brachiopods the double shell is 

 flattened as if the back and front of the animal hod been 

 squeezed together, and this kind of flattening is technically 

 called depression. In Conchifera the double shell is usually 

 flattened as though the creatures hod been squeezed by pressure 

 applied to its sides, and this flattening is called, in the language 

 of Comparative Anatomy, compression. Now, as these passive 

 creatures, whether fixed or free, usually rest on the floor of the 

 sea, it follows that they must lie, not on the edges, but on the 

 flats of their shells ; and when thus lying, they rest habitually 

 on one shell, and this shell is often PO modified in relation to the 

 other as to suit the lying posture. The Brachiopodd rest on 

 their ventral shell, with the back or dorsal shell uppermost, and 

 therefore this modification does not interfere with the symmetry 

 or equality of their two halves ; but it does interfere with the 

 symmetry of the Conchifera, because they rest on their sides. 

 A similar instance of this effect of habit on tho two-sided 

 arrangement of the body is seen in the soles, turbot, otc., which 

 constitute the family of fishes called PleuronectidiB, as con- 

 trasted with the equally flat rays. The depressed rays, lying 

 with their backs i;pj> TH>-'-'. are quite symmetrical ; while the 

 soles, resting on their sides, are quite distorted in shape, and 

 the two sides differ in colour. Notwithstanding tnis tendency 

 to one-sidedness in the Conchifera due to habit, most of them 

 have nearly equal valves ; and in none is the internal arrange* 

 ment of organs much interfered with. 



Having thus drawn attention to the superficial contrast 

 between the classes, we proceed to describe the Brachiopoda, 



