366 



THE POPULAE EDUCATOR. 



general bo ranked under three descriptions. 1. They differ 

 from the model verbs in the perfect and the supine. 2. They 

 differ from the model verbs in other parts. 3. They lack 

 several parts which are possessed by the model verbs. As these 

 three classes do not conform to the rule or standard afforded in 

 the four conjugations, they might all bo termed irregular. The 

 epithet irregular, however, is commonly applied only to the 

 second class, and as no good reason compels us to depart from 

 the ordinary usage in this case, we shall specially apply the 

 denomination of " the irregular verbs " to those verbs which 

 differ from the models in other parts than the perfect and the 

 supine. The verbs which differ in the perfect and the supine 

 may be called deviational, as in a marked way deviating (de, 

 from, and via, a way) from the ordinary forms ; and those that 

 are without certain parts may be termed defective (de, from, 

 and facio, I make). Thus we obtain four classes of verbs : 



1. The regular, or those which mair.ly follow the paradigms 



of the four conjugations. 



2. The deviational, those that depart from those paradigms 



in the perfect tense and the supine. 



3. The irregular, those that depart from the paradigms in 



other parts. 



4. The defective, those that are wanting in mood, tense, and 



person. 



The verbs that follow the forms of the four conjugations are 

 dignified with the term regular, because such verbs exist in 

 greater number than any other class. The same facts may be 

 set forth in this 



VIEW OF THE LATIN VERBS. 



Regular. 

 The Four Conjugations. 



Irregular. 



1. Deviational. 



2. Irregular. 



3. Defective. 



The departure from the models would be very much lessened, 

 were we at liberty to enter at length into the processes by 

 which the present tenses now in use were formed, and exhibit 

 the real roots or stems of the several verbs. In the restricted 

 space, however, here at our disposal we can only give one or 

 two instances. Take sino, I suffer, or allow. You think the 

 stem to be sin.. It is not so; the n is introduced into the 

 present merely for the sake of strength in pronunciation. The 

 stem is si. Sie would be a weak sound, two vowels coming 

 together; and the Latins preferred saying sino. From si, 

 however, is regularly formed both the perfect and the supine, 

 thus : si, si-vi, si-turn. Take rumpo. Here, to obtain the stem, 

 you must elide the m (that is, n which before p becomes m), 

 and you have rup, from which are regularly formed rup-i and 

 rup-tum. In cresco, you must in the same way leave out sc, 

 and thus getting as the stem ere, you form the perfect by adding 

 vi ; for example cre-vi. I subjoin similar instances : sue-sc-o, 

 sue-vi; pa-sc-o, pa-vi; no-sc-o, no-vi; so the supines, cre-tum, 

 sue-tum, pa-stum (the s of the present is retained before the 

 t), no-turn. Disco represents a peculiar class of verbs ; namely, 

 those that form the perfect by what is called reduplication ; 

 that is, the repetition of the initial consonant with a connecting 

 vowel, thus : disco, discere, didici ; the root is properly die ; 

 di(c)-sc-o, di-dic-i. Having given these intimations, and in- 

 viting our pupils in due time to follow the thread, we now 

 resume the order of the four conjugations, and shall set forth 

 the principal deviations from the model forms. 



I. DEVIATIONS IN THE FIRST CONJUGATION. 



1. The Perfect with Reduplication. 



i. Do, dedi, dare, datum, to give ; the a is short in the stems, 

 as dabam, dabo, darem, except das and da. According to do 

 form the compounds of do, of which the first part is a dissyl- 

 lable, as circumdo, circumdedi, circumdatum, circumdare. The 

 compounds of do having monosyllables as prefixes follow the 

 thL-d conjugation, as addo, addere, addidi, additum. It is not 

 uncommon for a verb of one conjugation thus to pass into 

 another conjugation. 



ii. Sto, steti, stare, statum, to stand (with abl. to cost). The 

 compounds with monosyllables have in the perfect stiti, as 

 consto (I consist of), constiti, constare ; participle future active, 

 praestaturus, constaturus, obstaturus, etc. The compounds 

 with dissyllables retain steti, and have neither supine nor par- 

 ticiple future active; also lircumsto (I stand around), ciroum- 

 steti. 



Noun. Aurora est gravius argento. 



Gold is heavier tlian silver. 

 Pronotw. Lux qua nib.il est carius. 



Light than which nothing is dearer. 



This is a kind of abbreviated comparison. If the fuller form 

 with quam were used, then the noun after the quam would be 

 in the same case as that before quam : for example : 

 Full form. Nihil est divinius quam dementia. 

 Nothing is more divine than mercy. 



EXERCISE 125. LATIN-ENGLISH. 



1. Deus nobis dedit animum, quo nihil est prsestantius. 2. Multo 

 sanguine nobis victoria stetit (cost, so we say stood in). 3. Mater 

 omnium bonarum artium sapientia est, qua nibil a Deo immortali 

 uberius, nihil preestabilius hominum vitse datum est. 4. Deus corpus, 

 ut quandam vestem, animo circumdgdit, et vestivit extrinse'cus. 5. 

 Quorum patres aut majores aliqua gloria prsestiterunt, (ii) student 

 plerumque eodeni in genere laudis excellere. 6. Parentes carissimos 

 habere debemus, quod ab iis nobis rita tradita est. 7. Non dedit 

 beneficium, qui invltus profuit. 8. Quinam magis sunt tui quam (ii) 

 quibus tu salutem insperantibus reddidisti ? 9. Gives acerrimos pro- 

 pugnatores libertatis se prsestiterunt. 10. Ingens hominum multitude 

 oratorem in foro circumstetit. 11. Eloquentia ad salutem hominum 

 data est a natura. 12. Eloquentia ad conservationem hominum data 

 est a natura. 13. Malus orator eloquentiam ad bonorum pestem, per- 

 niciemque convertit. 14. Quid est tarn inliumanum quam eloquen- 

 tiam, a natura ad salutem hominum et ad conservationem datam, ad 

 bonorum pestem, perniciemque converttfre 1 15. Stipendium ex longo 

 tempore militibus non erat datum. 16. Semitic inter milites orta est. 

 17. Quum Stipendium ex longo tempore non esset datum, seditio inter 

 milites orta est. 18. Tu mi amice, mihi fldem prsestaturus es. 19. 

 Certo scio te mi amice, mini fidem prsestaturuin esse. 20. Nihil nobis 

 obstat. 21. Nihil nobis obstaturum est. 22. Victoriam adipiscamur. 



23. Credo, iiiliil nobis obstaturum esse, quominus victoriam adipiscamur. 



24. Victoria constitit multorum fortium virorum morte. 25. Noil 

 dubitabamus quin multorum virorum fortium morte victoria constatura 

 esset. 26. Perstaturus ne es in sententia tua? 27. Nescio persta- 

 turus ne sis in sententia tua. 



EXERCISE 126. ENGLISH-LATIN. 



1. He gave the general a fleet. 2. He will give thee a fleet. 3. 

 Dost thou think that he is about to give a fleet to my brother ? 4. 

 Nothing has cost men more (pluris) than avarice. 5. God has given 

 me a sister, than whom nothing is dearer io me. 6. My sister will 

 show herself loving to me all her life (ace. with per). 7. The soldiers 

 showed themselves very brave, but the victory cost the death of many 

 brave men. 8. Nothing hinders our gaining the victory (hinders, lest 

 we should gain, stands in the way to present our gaining the victory). 9. 

 I believe we shall gain the victory. 10. Socrates surpassed all philo- 

 sophers. 11. Who does not know that Socrates surpassed all philo- 

 sophers ? 12. Dost thou believe that thy son will surpass all his 

 equals ? 13. A great multitude surrounds the orator. 14. Pay has 

 not been given to the soldiers. 15. I will give pay to the soldiers. 

 16. Take care lest sedition arise among the soldiers. 17. Wilt thou 

 persist in thy opinion ? 18. I do not know whether I shall persist in 

 my opinion. 



It may be desirable to illustrate more fully the construction 

 of circumdare and quominus. 



CONSTRUCTION OF " CIRCUMDO." 



1. Aliquid alicui rei, that is, a nominative or accusative of 

 the thing with a dative of the thing. 2. Aliquem or aliquid 

 aliqua re, that is, an accusative of the person or thing, with an 

 ablative of the thing. 



1. " Aer omnibus est rebus circumdatus." Lucretius. 



Lit. Trans. : " The air to all is to things surrounded." 



Id. Trans. : " All things are surrounded with air." 



