378 



THE POPULAE EDUOATOE. 



Btarch, and oxalate of lime; the latter material constituting 

 one-third of its entire weight. The botanical origin of rhubarb 

 is still enveloped in gre&t obscurity. The Arabs received it 

 in the tenth century from the Chinese, and made it known in 

 Europe ; but the Chinese indicated with considerable vagueness 

 the locality of the plant, and altogether refused to supply any 

 of its seeds or cuttings, even though an equal weight of gold 

 was frequently offered as a premium. Three sorts of medicinal 

 rhubarb are known in commerce ; that of China, which comes 

 to us from Thibet and Cantou ; that which comes to us through 

 Russia (commonly known as Turkey rhubarb) ; and the rhu- 

 barb of Persia. Of the various species which have been 

 brought to Europe and planted in our gardens, the Rheum 

 palmatum is the only one which yields a result at all like 

 that of the Oriental rhubarb ; but it is still distinguishable 

 from the latter. The Rheum australe, procured originally from 

 the mountains of Thibet, and cultivated in Calcutta, still more 

 closely resembles the Chinese rhubarb ; probably, therefore, 

 the medicinal root is obtained from this species, though the 

 subject is enveloped in much doubt. 



The Rheum Rhaponticum, another species of rhubarb, grows 

 spontaneously in Thrace and on the shores of the Black Sea. 

 This is the species which was known to the ancient Greek 

 and Roman physicians, who gave to it the name of Rha. Subse- 

 quently this name was expanded into Rha-ponticum, for the 

 purpose of distinguishing the vegetable from another Rha, the 

 produce of Scythia, and designated Rha-barbarum, whence our 

 modern word rhubarb. A representation of the Rheum Rha- 

 poniicum is annexed (Fig. 260). 



SECTION CV. LAURACEJE, OR LAURELS. 



Characteristics : Calyx four to six partite, bi-serial, tri- 

 nerved, imbricate ; stamens perigynous, inserted upon a fleshy 

 disc, springing from the base of the perianth, and persistent, 

 in number double, or triple, or quadruple that of the sepals, 

 sometimes equal and then opposite to the sepals ; filaments 

 free, the internal ones provided with two lateral glands ; 

 anthers adnate, bi-locular, or qnadri-locular, sometimes all 

 introrse ; sometimes the interior ones introrse, the others ex- 

 trorse ; carpels, three united into one : ovary unilocular ; 

 ovule single, pendent, reflexed ; style simple ; stigma tri- 

 lobed ; fruit bacciform, protected by the base of the perianth ; 

 seed dicotyledonous, straight, exalbummous ; stem ligneous ; 

 bark aromatic ; leaves alternate, aromatic ; flowers axillary, or 

 in a cyme, panicle, or umbel. 



The bay tree (Laurus nobilis), indigenous to Central Europe, 

 is a tree or shrub, with persistent leaves, coriaceous, smooth, 

 and possessing an agreeable odour. The sassafras (Laurus 

 Sassafras) is a native of Virginia, Florida, and Brazil. Every 

 part of this tree is endowed with a peculiar odour, something 

 like a combination of fennel and camphor. The wood of this 

 tree is employed in medicine. The Cinnamomum dulce (Fig. 

 264), or true cinnamon, furnishes the aromatic bark known by 

 the name of cinnamon. It is cultivated in Ceylon and other 

 inter-tropical countries. The cassia (Cinnamomum Cassia) is 

 a native of Cochin-China, Malabar, and some parts of Chine, 

 Proper. Its bark is thicker than that of the true cinnamon 

 tree, and its colour deeper. Camphor is another valuable pro- 

 duction from one of the laurel tribe, the Camphora officinalis 

 (Fig. 263), a native of Japan. The substance known as camphor, 

 however, is not found in this vegetable only. In small quan- 

 tities it exists in many plants of the natural order Labiates. 



or distant ; as : 3d; fyoffe, in fcer nacfyften S93od;e bicfcS S3ud; beenbigen 

 311 fonnen, I hope to be able by (in the) next week to finish thia 

 book. @r ttntb in funfttgcn 3al;ren sorftd; tiger fetn, in coming years 

 he will be more careful. 



VOCABULARY. 



LESSONS IN GERMAN. XLIV. 



SECTION XCIL IDIOMATIC PHRASES (continued), 

 efyen and jugefien (in the sense " to succeed or get on ") are 

 often used impersonally like the English " go ; " as : fflie geftt 

 tS ? how goes it ? @3 gd)t redjt mitnter 511, they are making very 

 merry. 



1. rft (first) often answers to the English " only, not before, 

 no more than, just," etc. ; as : @S fiefit ned; fo neu au, n(g njenn cS 

 crfl gefauft tuare, it still looks as new as though it had just been 

 bought. !Dte cfyufe gel)t ertf urn jcfm Uljr an, the school does not 

 begin before ten o'clock, te ift erft brcijefyn Safyre alt, she is only 

 thirteen years old. 



2. 9tacf)ft (next), applied to time, denotes the period nearest at 

 'land ; fitnfttg (future, next, coming) applies to future time, near 



RESUME OF EXAMPLES. 



@o gel;t c in ber SfBelt ju. 



gel;t feit sterjelm Sagcn beffcr 



nut tl;m. 

 d'rft itber'8 3aljr fann eS gefd;e'&,cn. 



<Sie ift erft gcftern an'gefommen. 

 Sltemanb njcip, ftrng fcer nad;ftc ag 

 mit fid; bringt. 



Sfttemanb n>ei|l, hxiS tic nacfyflen 



age mit fid) bringen. 

 3 it fccm funf'ttgeit 3al;rc bc'fucfye id; 



tt>al;r'fctycinlid; fcie djircij. 

 2>tc3 iuat fcie micfyfte Ur'fad;e fetncr 



Slb'vcife. 

 @r fiat ben Sluftrng beforgt' 



gr beforgt' feinc cfd^lf'te felbft. 



3JJan ttcrfotg'te fcen Srcmben mit 

 2lllcm, rtxt er notbjg fintte 



So the world goes. 



For a fortnight past it goes 

 better with him. 



It can only take place a year 

 hence. 



She arrived only yesterday. 



No one knows what the (next 

 day) morrow may bring with 

 it. 



No one knows what the next 

 days may bring with them. 



(In) the coming year I shall 

 probably visit Switzerland. 



This was the immediate (nearest) 

 cause of his departure. 



He has attended to (done) the 

 commission. 



He attends to (does) his busi- 

 ness himself. 



The stranger was provided (sup- 

 plied) with all that he needed. 



EXERCISE 178. 



1. (Srft nafym er $apter tint Sefcern, bann fefcte er fid; fnn, urn ju fd;rei6en. 

 2. <Sr fyat ebcn erft angefangcn ju arbeitcn. 3. (5 ift crft ftcbcn Ufyr sor- 

 bet. 4. !Biefer tfnnbe ift erft treijcfyn 3<u)rc alt. 5. 9Iun ging e8 erft 

 vcd;t arg jn. 6. S tit eine ^albe tuufce nscit bt tm nftdjften )orfc. 

 7. SHcS ift fcer nad;ftc SBeg fcal;t!t. 8. 3d; will tfym mit ter ni1d;ften $oft 

 fdjrcibcn. 9. Sin unttberlegtc 28ort ift jiittetlen fcie nad;fte Urfacije ju 

 trctt unb -Safcer. 10. 9Mn grcunfc fommt fcie nfid;fte SOBoctye i^ter^er. 

 11. 3m funftigen 3al;re gcfcenft er nacb 2lmeri!a jit reifen. 12. 3n Iunf 

 tigcn Satyren tuafce id; vorrtdjtijer fein. 13. Jvunfttge 2Bod;e ge^e id; 

 eintgc Sage nuf' Sanb. 14. 2ln fca funfttge Seben follten tt)tr me^r ben 

 fen, alt an ta 3cttltd;e. 15. 3Mn ffmfttg:8 Seben foil fcir genrifcmet fetn. 

 16. 3cb befurd;te, eS toirb auf biefe Sffietfe md;t geltngen. 17. @r forgt 

 me^r fiir irfcifd;e, al8 fur b,immlifd;e SRcicbt^itmer. 18. S)te gefcljaftige 

 grau beforgt alle ^fttilid;en Slrbeiten felbft. 19. 3)er SRacbbar beforgte mtc 

 fcen SSrief auf fcie $oft. 20. er 2lu,"trag rtitrfce wn bem Heinen J?naben 

 ^iinfilid; beforgt. 21. te Seftung tt)urfce fitiilangurf; mit eben8n;uteln 

 evfcrgt. 22. !Der sBrufccr wrforgte mid; jctttg mit guten sBucfjern. 23. 

 3)er arme 3ftann ^at fed; Jlinfcer ju serforgm. 



EXERCISE 179. 



1. First I shall read, then I shall write. 2. I returned from 

 my journey only yesterday. 3. I shall not see him till to- 

 morrow. 4. I have received only half of my books. 5. We 

 ought first to avoid doing evil, and then to do good. 6. Next 

 spring I shall probably go into the country for a few days. 7. 

 Are you sufficiently acquainted with the circumstances of his 

 immediate departure ? 8. That errand was punctually per- 

 formed by this man. 9. This poor woman has five children to 

 provide for. 10. I sometimes provide him with an instructive 

 book. 11. Next time I shall be more careful. 



SECTION XCIII. IDIOMATIC PHRASES (continued). 



tnfyoten (from etn, in, and fiolen, to fetch) signifies " to go to 

 meet, to overtake, to outrun," etc. ; as : Sine deputation Incite ben 

 (Mefanbten ctn, a deputation went out to meet the ambassador. 

 3f*ad) brei Sagen finite unferc Sregatte baS feintlidje d;iff cinge^olt. after 

 three days our frigate had overtaken the hostile ship. 



1. eute, to-day (Latin, hodie), is sometimes best rendered 

 " at the present, now," etc. ; as : eut ju Sage, or IjeuttgeS 



