LESSONS IN FRENCH. 



397 



another pulley added, r would in like manner support 8 + 4 

 -f- 2 -|- 1, or 15 pounds. 



This, then, completed the description of the different systems 

 of i-ulli-ys. Try now and work out tho following example! of the 

 different im-diai.. as far M we hare gone. In me- 



.li.mii->, us urll ,n in everything clue, practice make* perfect, 

 ami tho only way to become fully acquainted with >U prin- -iplr* 

 is to try their application to the various oases in which you 

 meet with them. You can easily find plenty of example* to try 

 in addition to those given here. 



EXAMPLES. 



1. With what force mutt a man press on a lerer, the total length of 

 wlu.-li is 4 feet 4 inches, iu order to ruise a weight of 888 pounds, the 

 fulcrum IMMIU; 4 iiK-lies from the end? 



-. Two boys arc on a see-saw, one weighs 72 pounds, the other 54 

 pounds ; if the pluuk be 14 feet long, where must the fulcrum be placed 

 fur them to balauce each other f 



3. Three tncn are weighing on anchor with a capstan. Two have 

 spokes 4 feet loug, the third lias one 5 feet 8 inches long. The radius 

 of the axle ia 6 inches. How much strain do they exert on the cable 

 when each presses with a force of 100 pounds ? 



4. A man with a winch 18 inches long turns a pinion with 6 teeth, 

 this works iu a wheel of 60 teeth, carrying another pinion with 8, 

 which drives a wheel with 54; round the axle of this the cord passes. 

 If the radius of the axle be 4j inches, what foice must be exerted 

 to raise a weight of 2 tons? 



(Tho radii must here be considered as proportional to the number 

 of teeth.) 



5. In the simply pulley (Fig. 69), if the angle a 10 b is 90 degrees, 

 and the power is 49 pounds, what weight can be supported ? 



6. In the second system, wheu there are four movable pulleys, how 

 many pounds must I pull with to overcome a resistance of 7 hundred- 

 weight, and how far must the power move to raise the weight 6 inches? 



7. In the third system, with 5 pulleys, what weight will 5 pounds 

 support ; aud how strong must the middle rope be ? 



8. If a cask weighing 150 pounds be suspended from a pole 8 feet 

 long, aud carried between two men on their shoulders, if the point of 

 suspension be 3 feet from the front man, how much of the weight will 

 each bear ? 



LESSONS IN FRENCH. L. 



8. FORMATION OF THE FEMININE OF NOUNS. 



(1.) NOONS referring to persona and animals generally alter 

 their termination in the feminine. 



(2.) Many nouns form their feminine by adding e to the mas- 

 culine, whether the latter ends with a consonant or a vowel : 



Masculine. 

 Voisin, Jteiy/ibour. 

 Ours, bear. 

 Marquis, marquis. 

 Ami, friend. 



Mahometan, Mahometan. 

 Marchand, merchant. 



Feminine. 

 Voisiue. 

 Ourse. 

 Marquise. 

 Amie. 



Muhome'tane. 

 Marchande. 



Note. Tho compound noun nouveau-ne, first-born, has for feminine, 

 nouveau-nee. 



(3.) The following form their feminine by adding esse, with 

 or without a modification of the masculine ending : 



Masculine. 

 Dieu, a god. 

 Devin, a soothsayer. 

 Larron, a thief. 

 Fair, a peer. 

 Due, a duke. 



Feminine. 

 Di'essn. 

 Devineresse. 

 Larronnesse. 

 Pairesse. 

 Duchesse. 



(4.) Nouns ending in teur (not deriving from present parti- 

 oiples) form their feminine by changing eur into rice : 



ifoscultne. 



Accusateur, accuser. 

 Bienfaiteur, bent/actor. 

 Actenr, actor. 

 De'biteur,* debtor. 

 Tuteur, guardian. 

 Conducteur, conductor. 



Feminine. 

 Accusa trice. 

 Bienfaitrice. 

 Actrice. 

 D^bitrioe. 

 Tntrice. 

 Conductrice. 



(5.) Nouns ending in eur, derived from present participles, 

 form their feminine by changing r into se : 



* This word is not derived from the present participle oVbitant, but 

 from the Latin noun debitor. 



,1 J'u 



CbanUat, 

 ChasMDt, 



Pollssant, i 1 . ..,.-.,. 



DebiUut. LMbiUur, 



Demandant, D*maadur, one vto o/ltn MS*. 



Veaoaut, Vndur, tetttr. V, 



Devinaut, Devineur, one vho pMSM. 



(6.) Nonas ending in * form their feminine by d**gjng 

 into and adding ; those ending in / change it into v and 

 add : 



Masculine. Pfi4ti<a 



poux, husband. Cpoase, 



Veuf, widower. Vuvf . 



Chartreux, CartAtufcm. CbartrmiM. 



Gueux, wretch. Oneas*. 



(7.) Nouns ending in en, et, on, ot, doable the last consonant, 



and add : 



ParUien, Parisian. 



Chien, doy. ChimM. 



Sujet, ntbjeet. SajMU. 



Vigneron, ' 



Lion, lion. 



Sot, fool. 



(8.) Others form their feminine by adding to the 



either e mute or a syllable ending in e mute, with or without 

 the dropping of the whole or a part of the masculine termi- 

 nation : 



Masculine. Feminine. 



Czar, Ciar. Czarine. 



Heros, hero. Htfrofne. 



Sylphe, sylph. Sylphide. 



Doge, doge. Dogaresse. 



Compagnon, companion. Conipgne. 



Vieillard, old man. Vieille. 



Cochon, pig. Coche. 



Canard, drake. Cane. 



Poulaiu, colt. Ponlicbe. 



Taureau, bull. Taure. 



Mulet, mule. Mule. 



Loup, tool/. Louve. 



(9.) Many have different forma for the masculine and the 

 feminine : 



_}fti.sculttie. Feminine. 



Pt-re, /athr. Mrre. 



Frere, brother. Sarar. 



Oncle, uncle. Xante. 



Gouverneur, goeemor. Goavernanta. 



Cheval, horse. Jument. 



Empereur, Bmperor. Imp^ntrice. 



Ambassadeur, ambowodor. Ambassadrice. 



Boi, King. Kim>. 



Serviteur, servant. Serrmnte. 



B^lier, ram. Brebis. 



(10.) Nonns expressing professions and trades generally car- 

 ried on by men have no feminine : 



Graveur, enjrarer. 

 Sculpteur, sculptor. 

 Imprimeur, printer. 



Peintre, painUr. 

 Ecrivuin, icriUr. 

 Docteur, doctor. 



MMeeia, 



Auteur, author, etc. 



(11.) T6moin, witness ; adversaire, adversary ; impostenr, 

 impostor ; artisan, artoan ; and partisan, partisan ; have no 

 feminine either. 



When the nouns mentioned above (10-11) are used in refer- 

 ence to females, the words depending upon them remain in the 

 masculine : 



Cette dame est un bon peintre, un poite /amux, n ^crirain ro. 

 Cette femme est un imposteur, un /aiu t^moin. La princess* <tait 

 pour lui un advensire gfnJreux. 



(12.) Some nouns referring to animals hare only one gender, 

 either masculine or feminine : 



Castor, batMr. 

 ficurcuil, sfwirrtl. 

 l<(phant, J*p>uMt. 

 Crocodile, crocodile. 

 Vautour, cuiiur*. etc. 



Girmfe. giro/*. 

 Panthers, panther. 

 Hyene, kym. 

 Souris, mouM. 

 PwntrU, pcrtridf*. etc. 



