LESSONS IN BOTANY. 



understood ; that is, an act really performed or conceived of in 



the miml. 



(3.) The optative mood, \votm, baa two leading use* t- 

 expressea a simple wish, as \vo/x, may I loose (hence its name, 

 derived from opto, I wish). (I) In dependent sentences, it acts 

 as a subjunctive to an historic tense in the principal sentence. 

 In other wordH, when the act expressed in the principal sentence 

 is in an historic tense, the place of the subjunctive in the do- 

 pendent sentence is supplied by the optative, as : 



Principal. Subjunelivt. 

 rovro woiu> Iva \vu, I do this that I may loose. 



HMaric. Oplativt. 



But, TOVTO tiroiovv Iva \uotm, I did th'is that I might loose. 

 If I express an act in the way of command, I use 



(4.) The Imperative, as \uf, loose thou. 



These four moods are called finite, that is, definite or limited, 

 because they all express the act under certain limitations or 

 modifications. 



But if I express an act indefinitely, or in its abstract form, 

 disconnected, that is, with person or number, I then employ the 

 mood termed 



(5.) The Infinitive, as kvtiv, to loose. 



Another modification of the verb is found in 



(6.) The Verbal Adjective, \vrfos, one who must be loosed, 

 which resembles the Latin participle passive in -dus, as amandus, 

 ke must be loved ; and accordingly, has a. passive force. 



THE PARTICIPLE. 



Participles are so called because they partake of the qualities 

 of the verb and the adjective ; as expressive of the quality of 

 the verb they denote action, as expressive of the quality of the 

 adjective, they denote modification : for example, fiovXevuv arqp, 

 a counselling man, that is, a counsellor. 



PERSONS. 



In Greek, as in English, there are three persons : 1st, the 

 speaker, I; 2nd, the person spoken to, tlwu; 3rd, the person 

 spoken of, he. The persons in Greek are in general indicated 

 by personal-endings, that is, changes in the termination of the 

 verb ; for example : 



lt Peron. 2nd Person. 3rd Person. 



Xu-oi, I loose ; Xv-eis, thou loosest; \v-fi, he looses. 



In the English terminations, -cst, -es, we have an example of 

 these person-endings. 



NUMBERS. 



As in nouns so in verbs, the Greek has three numbers, the 

 singular, the plural, and the dual. The singular number de- 

 notes one single object ; the plural denotes more objects than 

 one ; and the dual denotes precisely two objects. The dual, 

 however, is seldom used, unless it is required to specify the 

 number two. For the first person of the dual there is in most 

 of the tenses no special form ; its place is supplied by the form 

 of the first person plural. 



CONJUOATIONS. 



The term conjugation denotes peculiarities of formation in 

 number, person, tens'*, mood, and voice. Thest peculiarities in 

 Greek have been brought under two heads, and so two con- 

 jugations have arisen : these are, the first conjugation, con- 

 sisting of verbs of which the first person singular ends in o> 

 (this class comprehends the great bulk of the Greek verbs) ; and 

 the second conjugation, comprising the verbs of which the first 

 person singular ends in fj.t -. for example : 



First conjugation, Au-a>, 1 loose. 



Second conjugation, KTTTI-/XI, I place. 



Most grammarians subdivide these two classes, making five 

 conjugations of verbs in w, distinguished from each other by the 

 letter which precedes the o> (called the characteristic letter), and 

 four of verbs in fii, distinguished by the vowel which precedes 

 the ixi. 



PREFIXES, SUFFIXES, AND STEMS. 



In order to represent the two ideas namely, existence (or 

 affirmation) and attribute which enter into the signification of 

 the verb, three essential elements are employed: first, the 

 stem ; second, the suffix or inflections ; and, third, the prefix or 

 augment ; for example : 



/ have loosed. 



The stem is variable. Thus we have the stem or root of the 

 verb ; the stem of the verb may in most verbs be found bj 

 cutting off CD, the personal-ending ; thus, Kvtt, \u-, 



Besides the stem of the verb, there is tbe tense-stem, thai, 

 c \u<ra . the first aorist, by dropping the personal-ending a, give* 

 t \vff, the tense-stem of the first aorist active ; of this form, 

 t\vtr, the is the augment or prefix, the force of which is to 

 denote past time. 



Of the form eAvtra, the era is the inflection or suffix of the first 

 aorist ; and of the ffa, the a is the ending of the first person 

 singular. 



KEY TO EXERCISES IN LESSONS IN GEEEK. XXII. 



RECAPITULATORY EXERCISES FROM THK CLASSICS. 

 1. Anacharsis used to say that it was better to have oae friend of 

 value than many friends of no value. 2. Hanno, the elder, brought over 

 from Libya a large force into Sicily, 50,000 infantry, 6,000 cavalry, and 

 60 elephants. 3. They relate that the Chinese live as long as 300 years, 

 and there is a story tbat tbe Chaldeans live beyond 100 years. 4. 

 Argantbonius, the king of the TortessiauB, is said to have lived more 

 than 150 years. 5. Plato died in the first year of tbe 108th Olympiad, 

 in the 81st year of his life. 6. A certain Demetrius used to say to Nero, 

 " You threaten me with death, but nature threatens yon." 7. A witling 

 being in difficulties, sold his books, and wrote home to his father, 

 saying, "Eejoice with me, father, for my books are now supporting 

 me." 8. Anacharsis, the Scythian, being asked by some one what U 

 at enmity to men, said, " Themselves to themselves." 9. A witling who 

 was selling his house, used to carry about a stone as a specimen of it. 

 10. Being a judge, ever make the same decision touching tbe same cir- 

 cumstances, doing nothing for the purpose of favour. 11. Have a 

 care for your own soul. 12. Be willing to please all. 13. Above all 

 things reverence yourself. 14. It is the easiest thing of all to deceive 

 oneself. 15. My good friend, be not ignorant of yourself. 16. I phi- 

 crates was the son of a currier, though very distinguished ; Le naed to 

 say to a man of noble birth, " My family starts with myself, but your 

 family ends in yourself." 17. Thales, being asked what was most 

 common, answered, " Hope ; for they who have nothing else, have that.' 

 18. As the habit of each is, such is his life. 19. The Nile bears 

 itself from the Ethiopia mountains until it empties itself into the set, 

 after twelve hundred stadia. 20. Twice five are ten. 21. Thence he 

 marches two stations five parasangs to the river Soros, the breadth of 

 which is three plethra. 



EXTRACTS FROM THE NEW TESTAMENT. 

 1. But Jesus said, " Make the men sit down." And there was much 

 grass in the place. So the men sat down, in number about five 

 thousand. 2. Many of those who heard the word believed, and the 

 number of the men became about five thousand. 3. And I saw and 

 heard the voice of many angels round the throne, and the beasts and 

 the elders, and the number of them was ten thousand times ten 

 thousand and thousands of thousands, saying with a loud voice. 

 Worthy is the Lamb that was slain to receive power, and wealth, and 

 wisdom, and strength, and honour, and glory, and blessing. 4. Let 

 him that hath understanding count the number of the beast, for it is 

 the number of a man, and his number is six hundred threescore and 

 six. 5. But John endeavoured to prevent him, saying, I have need to 

 be baptized of thee, and dost thou come to me ? 6. Bear one another's 

 burdens, and thus fulfil the law of Christ. 7. For this is our boasting, 

 the witness of our conscience, that in simplicity and sincerity of heart, 

 not in fleshly wisdom, but rn the grace of God, we have dealt with 

 the world, but more abundantly with you. 8. If there be any consolation 

 in Christ, if any comfort of love, if any fellowship of the Spirit, if any 

 bowels and mercies, fulfil ye my joy, that ye be likeminded, have the 

 same love, being of one accord, of one mind. Let nothing be done 

 through strife or vainglory, but in honesty of mind let each esteem 

 others better than himself. Let not every man look on his own, but 

 also on the things of others. 



LESSONS IN BOTANY. XXXVI. 



SECTION CX. PAPAYACE2E, OE PAPAYADS. 



Characteristics : Flowers dioecious ; calyx very small, fiye- 

 dontated ; petals hypogynons, five joined into a funnel-shaped 

 corolla in the staminif erous flowers, remaining free in those bear- 

 ing pistils merely ; stamens ten ; ovary uni-locular or five-celled ; ' 

 placenta) parietal ; berry pulpy ; seed albuminous ; trees of 

 tropical America with a milky juioe. 



The papaw-tree, or Carica, papaya (Fig. 269), is a tree with 

 cylindrical trunk, simple, and bearing at its summit a terminal 

 tuft of palmi-lobed leaves. This tree has been known to grow 



