( '( )M PA RA TI V K A XATOM Y. 



SO 



The examinations thomaelvon, which arc the same for boya 

 and girl,iin' divided into two diviaiona, one for senior Ktudonta, 

 under the age of eighteen, the other for junior students, under 

 the age of sixteen. 



EXAMINATION OF JUNIOR 8TUDKNTH. 



The examination of junior students ia divided into three 

 parts : 



Part I. 



This ia preliminary, and embracea reading aloud, writing from 

 dictation, English grammar (including parsing and analysia of 

 sentences), and arithmetic In these every student mast satisfy 

 the examiners. 



Port II. 



This comprises nine sections, and every student must satisfy 

 the examiners in at least two of these ; but no one will be 

 examined in more than six. 



1. Religious Knowledge. Part of the historical Scriptures of 

 the Old Testament, and two New Testament subjects ; and the 

 Church Catechism. 



Thia section must be taken in by every student, unless the 

 parents or guardians object. 



J. English. This embraces a paper on a chosen portion of 

 either English or Roman History, at the choice of the candi- 

 date ; a paper on physical, political, and commercial geography, 

 with especial reference to Great Britain and her dependencies ; 

 and, lastly, one on a specified Play of Shakespeare. 



3. Latin. Papers on two chosen Latin books, involving geo- 

 graphical and historical allusions, grammar and parsing ; also 

 one passage from some Latin author, not announced beforehand, 

 and a passage of English, with Latin words supplied for trans- 

 lation into Latin. 



4. Greek. Corresponding papers to those in Latin, omitting 

 the composition. 



5. French. 



6. German. 



In these the papers will correspond to those in Latin. 



7. Pure Mathematics. Euclid, Books I., II., III., IV., and 

 VI. ; Algebra as far as proportion ; Plane Trigonometry, includ- 

 ing the solution of triangles and the use of Logarithms ; and 

 the leading propositions of Mechanics. 



8. Natural Philosophy. (a) Chemistry ; (b) Practical Chem- 

 istry ; (c) Elements of Statics and Hydrostatics ; (d) The ex- 

 perimental Laws of Heat. To pass in this section, candidates 

 must satisfy the examiners in (a) and in one of (b), (c), (d). No one 

 can be examined in more than one of the three {b), (c), (d). 



9. (a) Elementary Zoology, embracing the classification of 

 animals and the uses of animal products, (b) Botany. The 

 classification of plants and their geographical distribution, 

 specimens being given for description. No student will be 

 examined in both (a) and (6). 



Part III. 



This is additional and voluntary. Students may offer them- 

 selves for examination in geometrical drawing and perspective ; 

 also in drawing from the fiat and from models ; and in music. 



EXAMINATION OF SENIOR STUDENTS. 



Part I. 



This is preliminary, and the subjects are the same as those in 

 the junior examination, a more extended knowledge of them 

 being required. 



Part II. 



A. Religious Knowledge. Subjects as above, with the addition 

 of the Book of Common Prayer, and Paley's " Hor Paulinse;" 

 also, in the New Testament subject, credit will be given for a 

 knowledge of the original Greek. 



B. English. (a) History of England ; (b) Geography Phy- 

 sical, Political, and Commercial ; (c) a Play of Shakespeare ; 

 (d) Political Economy; (e) Greek and Roman History; (/) 

 Logic. Two at least of the six divisions must be taken. 



C. Litt in and Greek as above, including one piece of Latin 

 composition. Either language is sufficient for a pass. 



D. French and German as above, with a piece of composition 

 in both languages. Either language ia sufficient for a pass. 



E. Mathematics. Algebra, and Euclid I. to IV., VI., and XI. 

 to Prop. 21. Questions also in (a) Plane Trigonometry and 

 Simple Geometrical Conic Sections ; (6) Elementary Statics, 

 Hydrostatics, and Astronomy. 



F. Natural Philotophy. (a) Fact* and general principle* of 

 <li.-mi.-iil Science ; (b) Practical Chemical AnalyaU; (e) Static*, 

 Dynamics, and Hydrostatics ; (d) Heat ; (e) Electricity and 

 Magnetism ; (/) Physical Geography. To paaa in thia section 

 every student muat aatiafy the examiners in two of the aix 

 subjects. Division (b) cannot be taken without (a). No one 

 will be examined in more than three subject*. A fair know- 

 ledge of inorganic chemistry will obtain a pasa in (a). 



G. (o) Zoology, and elemonta of Animal Phyaiology ; (b) 

 Botany and the elements of Vegetable Physiology. No student 

 will be examined in more than one of the divisions. 



H. (a) Drawing from the Flat ; (b) Drawing from Models ; (e) 

 Perspective ; (d) Imitative Colouring. Candidatea muat satisfy 

 examiners in (a) and in one of (b), (c), (d). 



I. Music, embracing the history and principles of the art. 



Of these nine sections, no one will be examined in more than 

 five. Every one must take section A, unless it be objected to 

 by parents or guardians ; and every student muat aatiafy the 

 examiners in three of the first seven, or in two of the first seven 

 and one of the last two. 



Higher Local Examinations are also held twice a year. 

 These are open to all who are seventeen years of age, 

 or who have obtained a first, second, or third class in the 

 senior local examinations. Full particulars as to this exam- 

 ination can be had by applying to the Secretary of the 

 Local Examination Syndicate at Cambridge, who will also 

 furnish any further information that may be required. 



COMPARATIVE ANATOMY. XVIL 



PTEROPODA CEPHALOPODA. 

 PTEROPODA. 



PERHAPS there is no class of animals less likely to come under 

 the notice of the reader than those which belong to this class. 

 This is not because they are few in number, for they exist in 

 such countless numbers in the ocean that, though they are all of 

 small size, they discolour large tracts of its waters ; clouding it 

 just as the countless flakes of the snow-fall make the heavens 

 look turbid. Ships may sail for many hours through these 

 swarming myriads, and it is supposed that they form a large 

 part of the diet of the huge whales which, rushing through the 

 throng with open mouth, strain out the little creatures from the 

 waters by the aid of the whalebone fringes of their jaws, and so 

 manage to satisfy an appetite which must be as exacting as their 

 bulk is large. The reason that we see so little of these multi- 

 tudinous creatures is that they are strictly oceanic in their habits 

 that is, they live in mid-ocean, and seldom come near any shores. 

 Moreover, they seem to be more or less nocturnal in their habits, 

 retiring into the depths of the sea during the heat of mid-day, 

 and coming to the surface in the evening. They have, however, 

 been seen, even during the day, sporting about in the neighbour- 

 hood of those great masses of ocean-weed called sargassum, 

 which float in the middle of the Atlantic, occupying the centre 

 of that vast revolving current, part of which is called the Gulf 

 Stream. 



The distinguishing character of these animals, from which 

 they derive their name, is that they possess two wide expansions 

 of the mantle, which are very muscular, stretching away on 

 cither aide from the back of the neck. These flaps have been 

 called wings, and the animals themselves butterflies of the sea ; 

 those who have observed their motions say that it is so brisk 

 and constant that the simile is not an unnatural one. 



There are two divisions of the Pteropoda, in one of which 

 there is no shell, of which Clio Borealis, a little creature about 

 half an inch long, may be taken as the type ; while the other 

 consists of animals which have shells, and of these Hyalea may 

 be taken as a good iexample. In Hyalea the shell ia a pretty 

 object, reminding one of a watch-pocket such as is hung to H 

 bed. It is all in one piece, but cut down the sides by such deep 

 slits that it may be said to consist of two portions, one of which 

 is flat, or nearly so, and the other is bulging. The animal rests 

 in this little inflexible pocket, and can retract itself completely 

 within the cavity ; but ordinarily, when not alarmed, it thrusts 

 its head and wings out of the top, and protrudes two folds of 

 its thin mantle through the side slits, and bends them round the 

 shell, both before and behind, so as to make their edges meet 

 The head is often not very distinct, and although some of these 



