LESSONS IN GBEEK. 



LESSONS EN GREEK. XXIV 



TIIK sriisTANTIVK VKKB <i/u, lam (continual). 



!o the p'li. 



ia lesson, tho verb may !. n-wir : 



total comprising a number of ideas, or representing a number of 

 facts. This n nplified in Atiirw, I leave, and XiHpOtirjTTjf, 



tlu-tj twu might li ' : time 



Ptrson. Xumtor. Ttnie. Hood. Vote). 



Aowa', First. Singular. Present. Indicative. Active. 

 Xfi<f>0itjT7)', Third. Dual. Aorist, 1st. Optative. Passive. 



From this instance it may be seen that tho Greek verb varies, 

 or is modified in person, in number, in tense, in mood, and in 

 Accordingly, it is the business of the learner to become 

 familiar with the verb in all these its modifications, BO as to at 

 fry form ho may moot with in reading, and bo 

 .it first night to assign its meaning. It will be necessary 

 to go through these modifications in detail. 



Hi -fore we proceed to the general conjugation of the Greek 

 verbs, we must present a peculiar form, namely, that of the 

 substantive verb, or verb of existence, fivai, to be. 



CONJUGATION OP THE VERB tiui, I am. 

 INDICATIVE MOOD. 



PRESENT. IMPERFECT. FUTURE. 



,S'i/i</. 1. 1 ipi, I am. TJX, I was. f<ro/j.ai, I shall be. 



2. ti or f u, thou art. TJS, thou wast. f<ry, thou shall be. 



3. tffrt, he is. TJ or i\v, he was. tffrrai or fffrat, he 



shall be. 

 Dual.l. fcrofAfOov, we two 



shall be. 

 2.rrov,youtwoare.nrrivOTriffrnv,]foUffffffdoi', you two 



two were. shall be. 



3.tffrov,theytwoare.rirnvorr)ffrr)v,theyfff(rOov, they two 



two were. shall be. 



1'ln. 1. tffjttv, we are. "nfiff, we were. (ffo/j.tOa,weshallbe. 



2. rr, you, are. TJTS or rj<rr, you t<rr()e,you shall be. 



were. 



3. tiffi, they are. t\aa.v, they were. t<rovrcu,they shallbe 



SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. 

 PRESENT. 



Sing. 1. to, I may be. 



2. ys, thou mayst be. 



3. 77, he may be. 



Dual. 2. TJTOJ/, you two may be. 

 3. rrrov, they two may be. 

 Pin. 1. ufj.ev, we may be. 



2. ijTf, you may be. 



3. OHM, they may be. 



OPTATIVE HOOD. 



PEESENT. 



Sing. 1. finv, I might be. 



2. tit?*, thou mightst be. 



3. tTj, he might be. 

 Dual.l. 



2. tirjTTji/, you (100 might be. 



3. f ITJTTJC, they two might be. 



Plu. 1. tnifj.fv, we might be. 



2. i7)Tf, you, mi'i 



3. tinffav, they might be. 



FUTURE. 



, I might have been. * 

 tcroio, thou mightst have been. 

 KTOITO, he might luive been, 

 to-oifjitdov, we two might have 



been. [been. 



tffoio-6i)v, you two might have 

 fffot<T0iiv,they two might have 



been. 



(ffoifitda, ie might have been. 

 fffoia-Qt, you might have been. 

 <rotvTo, they might have been. 



IMPERATIVE MOOD. 

 PRESENT. 



Sing. 2. urOi, be thou. 



3. <rra>, let him be. 



Dual. 2. tffrov, be ye two. 



ii. fffrw, let them two be. 



Plu. 



2. fffrf, be ye. 



3. (orrvffcur or fffruv, let them be. 



INFINITIVE MOOD. 

 Present, tivau, to be. Future, <ro-0ai, to be about to be. 



It should be observed that the English triveu here is only approxi- 

 mate, as tho tense is in fact not used in this mood m independent 

 sentences, but as the oratio oblique of the future indicative. Thus 

 wit answers to ten, and mono to t<mu. 



I'AKTI' II'I.l*. 



Nom. (Jen. 



Masc. uv, orrot, being. 



Fern, ouira, OIHTTJI. 



Neut. ot>, orroi. 



-oo, about to It, 



-tit. 



-ov. 



Let it be premised that the significations given in the para- 

 digms, or examples of conjugation, are sometimes only approxi- 

 mately correct ; for the exact meaning, the student most wait 

 until he is familiar with the details of syntax and other detail* 

 which will follow. 



The verb whose forms are given above belongs, it will be 

 seen, to the class of the verbs in pt. There is another verb, 

 spelt in the same way, but distinguished from it by its accent, 

 which will bo given in its place under the verbs in fit namely, 

 dfjii, I will go ; tifil, I am. 



The second person of the present, ti,w more used than . 

 In tho imperfect, the second person, TJJ, often becomes 770-00, by 

 the addition of a suffix, 0o, added for euphony. The third per- 

 son is f\v more frequently than ij. 



Instances are found, particularly in the first person singular 

 and the third person plural, of another imperfect, which resem- 

 bles the imperfect of the middle voice. 



Singular, TJ/ITJJ/, ijffo, TJTO. Plural, r;/xtda, 7)<rfl, TJTO. 



A middle imperative form is also found in the second person 

 singular, namely, ro, be thou. 



The entire present subjunctive namely, at, ys, y, etc. sup- 

 plies terminations to all the verbs in to. The second and third 

 person singular have the iota subscript, as seen above. 



The optative forms, tir^v, fins, tin, lend their terminations, 

 ITJJ>, etc., to the optative of the verbs in /zi. For the form tirifuv, 

 eifj.(i> is used ; and for *ii\aa.v, titv is much more common. 



The future, in all its moods, is a middle form ; its termina- 

 tion, copal, ia that of all the middle verbs in the future. The 

 original forms were 



(ffffai, tfffrau. 



In effeffat tho second a was elided, and the word became f vtcu. 

 The <x was contracted into TJ, the t was written under, and thus 

 6077 arose. 



This observation extends to all the second persons in rj of 

 the middle and passive verbs. Ecrrai, a contracted form of 

 fffcrai, is more common than tertroi. In the optative, roo 

 stands for eeroi<ro. 



The participle roft.fi>os (the Latin fwturus) is declined Kke 

 ayaOos, aya-dy, ayadov. 



Tho substantive verb lacks the perfect, the pluperfect, and 

 tho aorist ; these tenses are supplied from yiyvonai, I become. 



The stem of the verb ia , as found in (ff^tv, fffopcu, etc. 



The present participle is declined thus : 



SINGULAR. PLURAL. 



Masc. Fern. Acict. Jitux. Fein. Neut. 



Nom. uv t ovara, ov. orris, ovffsu, oirra. 



Gen. oirros, ou<rr)s, OITOJ. ovrwv, ovfftav, ovrtav. 



Dat. OI/TI, ouari, ovri. ovai, ovaais, ovffi. 



Ace. ovra, ovffav, ov. oyros, oixra*, otna. 



So decline the participles in -<av of all the verbs. 



By the aid of prepositions various compounds of tifu are 

 formed, and these compounds are conjugated like their primi- 

 tive ; as irap-ftm (adauin), I am present ; aae-tifii (absum), / am 

 absent ; /^T-I/UI (intersum), I am among ; ow-tyxt (una sum), / 

 am with; trpoff-tim (insum, acoedo), I am near, I approach; 

 7rp.-i/ut (supersum, superior sum), I survive, I am superior; and 

 others. The preposition remains invariable; only the verb 

 undergoes the conjugational changes. 



The verb jui is instructive in regard to the original personal 

 endings. These personal endings in CI/LU are hero marked off by 

 a hyphen, thus ft-pi. 



Singular. Dtuil. Plurot 



1. fi-pi *-M.rr. 



2. ff-<Tl((i) (ff-TOV (0-1 f. 



3. tff-n(v) tff-rov ti-<ri(v). 



The terminations of the three persona of the singular are pro- 

 perly appended pronouns ; thus >n is found in /if, <rt (contracted 

 into ) is found in <rt, and TI in tho stem of the article TO. 

 Accordingly, in their original form, these were 



