70 



THE POPULAR EDUCATOB. 



(3.) Vingt and cent, when preceded and multiplied by a 

 number, and not followed by another, take the mark of the 

 plural : 



six cents, six hundred. 

 Man lives eighty years, the dog 



quatre-ningfs, eighty ; 

 L'homme vit quatre-tungtsatis, le 

 chien n'en vit que dix. BUFFON. 

 On m'apporta chez moi, douze 



only ten. 



They brought me, at my house, 

 cents francs. J. J. ROUSSEAU, ticelue hundred francs. 



(4.) Vingt and cent, however, when preceded and multiplied 

 by a number, and followed by another, and used to indicate a 

 date of the Christian era, do not take the mark of the plural : 



quatre-t'tngt-cinq hommes, 

 cinq cent deux hommes, 

 Charlemagne fut proclam^ em- 

 pereur d'Occident, le jour de Noi ; l, 

 en huit cent. VOLTAIRE. 



eighty-five men. 

 five hundred and two men. 

 Charlemagne was proclaimed ew- 

 peror of the West, Christmas-day, in 

 the year eight hundred. 



(5.) Mille (thousand). For the date of the year of the 

 Christian era the form mil alone is used : 



I/an mil huit cent cinquante, The year one thousand eight hun- 



dred and fifty. 



(6.) With regard to the years which have preceded the Chris- 

 tian era, and those which will folloiv its first thousand, the form 

 mille is employed : 



Tlie first irruption of the Gauls 

 tool: place under the reign of Tar- 

 qnin, about the year of the world 

 3416. 



La premiere irruption des 

 G-aulois eut liou sous le regne de 

 Tarquin, environ 1'an du monde 

 trois mille quatre cent seize. 



VERTOT. 



(7.) Million, billion, etc., take the mark of the plural. 



25. MISCELLANEOUS OBSERVATIONS ON THE CARDINAL 



NUMBERS. 



(1.) In French, in computing from twenty to thirty, thirty 

 to forty, etc., the larger number must always precede the 

 smaller. We may not say, as is often done in English, one and 

 twenty, but always vingt et un, vingt-deux, etc. 



(2.) The conjunction et is only used in the following num- 

 bers : vingt et un (21), trente et un (31), quarante et un (41), 

 cinquante et un (51), soixante et un (61), and soixante et 

 onze (71). 



With the exception of the six numbers mentioned above, the 

 various components of compound numbers are connected by 

 hyphens from dix-sept (17) to quatre-vingt-dix-neuf (99). 



(3.) The word one, which frequently precedes in English the 

 words hundred and tlwusand, must not be rendered in French. 

 We say : 



mille hommes, one thousand men. 



cent francs, one hundred francs. 



(4.) When the words cent and mille are used substantively 

 before the name of objects generally reckoned or sold by the 

 hundred or thousand, in number or in weight, the word un 

 may be placed before them ; the name of the object being pre- 

 ceded by the preposition de : 



Un cent, un mille de briques, 

 One hundred, one thousand (of) bricks. 

 Un cent (un quintal) de sucre, 

 Owe hundred (weight) of sugar. 



(5.) The words septante, seventy; octante, eighty; and 

 nonante, ninety, are now nearly obsolete, being used only in 

 the southern provinces of France. They are, as may be seen 

 in the preceding table, replaced by the expressions : soixante- 

 dix, siity-ten; quatre-vingts, four twenties (fourscore) ; quatre- 

 vingt-dix, four-score-ten, &c. 



(6.) Before the words onze, eleven, and onzieme, eleventh, 

 neither the article nor any other word is elided. We say 

 le onze, le onzieme, la onzieme. In pronunciation, the s of 

 the plural article les is silent when this article precedes onze 

 or onzieme [see 143 (2)]. 



26. OBSERVATIONS ON THE ORDINAL NUMBERS. 

 (1.) It will be seen that the ordinal numbers, with the ex- 

 ception of premier and second, are formed from the cardinal 

 by adding ieme to the latter. 



When the cardinal ends in e, that e is suppressed : quatre, 

 quatrieme ; when the cardinal ends in g, u is inserted between 

 it and the ending of the ordinal : cinq, cinquieme ; when the 

 cardinal ends in /, that / is changed into v : neuf, neuvieme : 

 and, finally, when the cardinal ends with a consonant, ieme is 

 added to it without any other change : dix, dixieme. 



(2.) All ordinal adjectives, except unieme, may take the 

 mark of the plural. 



(3.) Premier and second alone vary for the feminine, which 

 is formed regularly by adding e : premiere, seconde. 



(4.) Unieme (first) is only used in composition with vingt, 

 trente, quarante, cinquante, soixante, quatre-vingt, cent, and 

 mille. 



(5.) Deuxieme is used in composition with the same numbers 

 as unieme, and also by itself. Second is only used by itself. 



(6.) Hyphens are used in the same cases with ordinal as with 

 cardinal adjectives [see 25 (2)]. 



(7.) The following words, sometimes used substantively and 

 sometimes adjectively, may be classed among ordinal adjec- 

 tives : 



Trentenaire, 

 Quarantenaire, 



Quinquagenaire, fifty years old, 



Sexagenaire, sexagenarian, 



Septuagdnaire, septuagenaria?!, 



Octoge'naire, octogenarian, 



Nonagenaire, nonagenarian, 



Centenaire, centenarian, 



of thirty years' duration. 



of forty 

 of fifty 



of sixty 



of seventy 



of eighty 



of ninety 



of one hundred 



Quadragenaire, a person forty years old, is a noun. 

 Trentenaire and quarantenaire are law terms : 



Possession trentenaire, quaraute- I Thirty, forty years' possession. 

 naire. 



Quarantenaire is also used in reference to quarantine. 



The following, quadragenaire, quinquagenaire, sexagenaire, 

 septuagenaire, octogenaire, nonagenaire, and centenaire, are 

 applied to persons : 



Un octogenaire plantait, eta. 



LA FONTAINE. 



A man eighty years old was planting 

 trees. 



KEY TO EXERCISES IN LESSONS IN FRENCH. 

 EXERCISE 191 (Vol. III., page 165). 



1. The meeting broke up late. 2. Being able to swim is useful. 3. 

 Eating is necessary to all animals. 4. Look at your children amusing 

 themselves in the garden. 5. We heard them coming. 6. Having 

 learnt that my father was here, I started at once. 7. He was writing, 

 while attentively listening to me. 8. I heard them coming up the 

 stairs, singing. 9. From my window I saw her reading, watering her 

 flowers, and embroidering. 10. Almost all the inhabitants of that 

 town were suffering from ague. 11. We caught them stealing our 

 cabbages. 12. His inclination for gambling will prove the ruin of him. 

 13. He is sleeping, do not awake him. 14. She is studying, wait. 

 15. Writing to him is easy. 16. Correcting his children is a father's 

 right and duty. 



EXERCISE 192 (Vol. III., page 165). 



1. La chasse eat un passe-temps salutaire et agreable. 2. Enseiguer 

 est difficile. 3. Le boire est necessaire a 1'homme. 4. J'attribue son 

 succt-s a ce qu'il counait le ministre. 5. Nous les avons entendus rire. 

 6. Je lis souvent tout en me promenant. 7. Lui ayant dound sou 

 argent, je veux un re?!!. 8. Nous la rencoutrons quelquefois, se pro- 

 menaut toute seule. 9. L'avez-vous vue aller a la station ? 10. On 

 le prit grimpant sur un arbre et volant des fruits. 11. Le battant de 

 la cloche est tombd. 12. II est faible, il lui faut des stimulants. 13. 

 Votre frere joue dans le jardin, pendant que ma cousine est a ecrire 

 ses exercices. 14. Les assie'geants re9urent des renforts. 15. C'est le 

 devoir d'un honnete homme de dire la ve'rite'. 16. II est cruel de 

 battre ce pauvre chien. 



EXERCISE 193 (Vol. III., page 220). 



1. Does not that young lady find herself much fatigued ? 2. She is 

 fatigued and discouraged. 3. Has your sister gone to church accord- 

 ing to her custom ? 4. My mother and sister have gone there (thither). 

 5. Did your sister return earlier than usual ? 6. She returned later 

 than usual. 7. Has that poor sick woman fallen ? 8. She has fallen 

 in the mud. 9. Did my mother succeed in deciphering my letter? 

 10. She (in it) has not succeeded. 11. What flowers have you 



* 



