)N8 IN ARCHITECTURE. 



71 



gather. I flower* which I have found are more U-autiful 



mite which you Imvo Bout me. 13. UM not your oouiiin been 



i t. Sh has been perfectly well. 15. What hook have you uaed, 



.(.Minn)? lii. 1 uwr.l yoiirn. 17. \V'n need ourn (our oicn). 1*. 



ultahaa your ton reproached himself P (lit. What fault* 



t.) himself?) 19. The fuulu with whi.-li In; 



lied himself are uot serious (lit. The faults which ho reproached 



: >ve you seen them laugh (lauy/i'n-M : .'I. I 



*aw them smile (nni(tng). 22. Have you seen thoni steal I 



1 aw them eteal (dealing) apples. 24. Have you w ,i n. ! 

 thorn of tli.-ir f. in Hi,? 26. I have (warned tktm of tltem). 20. I have 

 . n<l them of tktm). 



EXERCISE 194 (Vol. III., page 220). 



1 Y livres sont-ils bion relic's? 2. Us sont bien relic's, et bien 

 iniprini. K. ;;. Vi.tn- i-.-tito fllle ne s'est-elle point trouvdo d(k-<n 

 I. KIl.i s'est trouvto fatiguoe, mate non pas de'couragc'c. 5. Vos scaurs 

 sont riles tombe'es d'accord ? 6. Elles ne sont pas tombees d'accord. 

 7. Mes frorcs sont tonibes d'ncoord. 8. Qui est veuu TOUS trouver ? 

 9. Vos amis sont venus nous trouver. 10. Votre sceur n'eat-cllo pns 

 all.V -i 1'. -lisc ? 11. Ma Boaur eat allt'-e a IVglise, commo de coutume. 

 12. Votro soeur est-elle revenue plus tot qu'a 1'ordiniiire ? 13. Ma 

 scour est revenue plus tord qua de coutume. 14. Los chumps quo votis 

 avez labonres sont-ils grands ? 15. Les champs que j'ai achete's sont 

 trot) grands. 16. Oil sont les messieurs que TOUS avez TUS passer P 

 ibint's que j'ai eutendues chanter sont dans leur chambre. 

 re imuvre sceur est-ello tombee ? 19. Cette pauvre malnde est- 

 <>)!<> t miWo duns la boue ? 20. Votre soeur est-ello parvenue a lire ce 

 livre ? 21. Ello est parvenue a le lire. 22. Avez-vous averti vos 

 JKCurs de leur danger ? 23. Je les en ai averties. 24. Je nc les en ai 

 \tea averties. -jr.. De quelle plume M"'e vOtre more s'est-elle servie ? 

 L'i. l-Ule s'est servie de la mienne. 27. Ces demoiselles nc so sont-elles 

 paa Berries de won livre ? 28. Elles nc s'en sont pas servics. 29. M""' 

 votre mere s'est-elle bien porte'e ? 30. Elle s'est portee a merveillo. 

 31. S'est-elle souveuue de sa promesse ? 32. Elle s'en est souvenue. 

 33. Avez-vous vu lire ces gar? ons ? 34. Je les ai vus sourire. 35. 

 Les avez-vous vus jouer ? 36. Jo les ai entendus jouer. 



EXERCISE 195 (Vol. III., page 221). 



1. What inn has been recommended to you ? 2. The Golden Lion 

 inn has been recommended to me. 3. What news have you brought ? 

 4. I have brought agreeable news. 5. Are your neighbours dressed ? 

 '. Tln-y are not yet dressed. 7. Did they sleep well last night? 8. 

 They did not sleep well. 9. When did they arrive ? 10. They arrived 

 at half-past four. 11. Have they slept more than five hours ? 12. 

 The six hours which they slept have done them much good. 13. Have 

 your sisters amused themselves ? 14. In playing they have hurt their 

 arm. 15. Did they relate our conversation to one another ? 16. They 

 related it to each other. 17. Have your friends disappeared. 18. 

 They have not disappeared ; they have returned home. 19. Have the 

 soldiers returned, whom you saw going away ? 20. They are dead ; I 

 saw them (being) buried (saw their funeral). 21. Have you not made 

 them study ? 22. I have made them read. 23. Hare you brought 

 silk goods ? 24. I have not brought any. 25. The silk goods which 

 I have brought from that place are very beautiful. 



EXERCISE 196 (Vol. III., page 221). 



1. N'avez-vous pas recommand6 mes nieces? 2. Je les ai recom- 

 muudees. 3. M'avez-vous apporte' de bonnes oranges ? 4. Je vous en 

 ai apporte. 5. En avez-vous douud a mes deux filles ? 6. Je leur eu 

 ai douut'-. 7. Je leur en aurais douud, si j'en avals eu beaucoup. 8. 

 N'avez-vous pas ne'glige' vos etudes ? 9. Je ne les ai pas negligees ; je 

 ue les ndglige jamais. 10. Les annees que cette dglisc a dur^, parlent 

 en favour de 1'architecte. 11. Les dix milles qu'il a couru, Tout 

 fatigue. 12. Vos soeurs se sont-elles uui ? 13. Elles se sont flatties. 

 14. Mes amis se sont-ils pre'seut&j? 15. II est venu trois de vos 

 soeurs (Trout de vos eceurs sont venues). 16. Que so sont-elles imagind ? 

 17. Elles out concu I'ide'e de lire le Tassc. 18. Les avez-vous vus 

 voler mes pomuies ? 19. Je les ai vus voler vos poches. 20. Les 

 avez-vous entendues chanter? 21. Jo les ai entendues chanter. 22. 

 Les chansons que j'ai entendu chanter ne sont pas nouvelles. 23. J'ai 

 trumv daus votre chambre les livres que je vous avais dt ! fendu de 

 prendrc. 24. Les pcches que je vous ai ddfendu de manger ue sout 

 pas mures. 25. Avez-vous vu ces solduts ? 26. Je les ai vus passer la 

 surname derniere. 27. Je les ai vu porter a I'hopital ce matin. 28. 

 Avez-vous apport^ des oranges de France ? 29. J'en ai apporte. 30. 

 Les oranges que j'en ai apporte'es sont bonnes. 31. Avez-vous apporto 

 des soieries ? 32. J'eu ai apporte'. 33. Je n'en ai pas apporto. 



EXERCISE 197 (Vol. ILL, page 221). 



1. The battle-field was covered with dead. 2. The sham general 

 was soon arrested. 3. The minister's arrival astonished us. 4. It 

 is a well-known fact. 5. The trenches were well guarded. 0. They 

 buried the dead woman at once. 7. The convict appeared. 8. The 

 little girls I patronise are very interesting. 9. You will find their 

 receipts in your drawer. 



EXBCIS 198 (Vol. III., j,:i/- I 



1. On ouvrit la tranche maltrre 1 feu d I'raMmL 2. Vooa tron- 

 rerez de belle* penaeea dans cot ouvrae. 3. Bon coop* eat caaa4. 4. 

 Ces faiU uous dtonni-rent. 5. Le prttondn doetour fnt tottitut BJU a 

 la porte. 6. Lea morta et lei blea<a gi talent encore aur \ champ 

 de botaille. 7. Connaiaaea-vona ce parrenu ? 8. Avez-voua u la 

 mark-o? 9. Lea exihiea n'avaient paa de fortune. 



LESSONS IN A IM IIITECTURE. XX, 



DOMESTIC AK'.'IIIIU lUIiE IN ENULAM; .11. 



LEAVINO oaatlca and maiiMonn, we have now to ntady domestia 

 urchi('cturo as it relates to the wanta of the body of the people, 

 especially what an; now known as the "great middle classes " 

 mntry. Tho absence of anything like convenient plan 

 and Buttled stylo even in the houses of the nobility, during two 

 or throe centuries after the Norman Conquest, has been shown 

 in our previous paper ; and while domestic comfort in the 

 modern sense was a thing unknown to princes, their subjects 

 wero of course in the rudest possible stage of civilised life. 

 Tho mean, low houses of the people were little more than hnte, 

 and even in the capital the dwellings of the citizens in the 

 twelfth century were mere sheds of wood, of one, or at the most 

 two storeys. So frequently were these buildings swept away by 

 fire, that at the close of that century it was thought necessary 

 to enact that in future the lower storey of all habitations in the 

 City of London should be built of stone, and that the usual 

 thatched roofs should give place to tile or shite. 



We must come down to the fourteenth century, when trade 

 and industry had arisen to improve the condition of all classes 

 by increasing the general wealth of the country, before we 

 can find the citizens of the towns occupying houses worthy of 

 an intelligent community. In this and the following century 

 many substantial buildings were erected, the remains of which 

 are occasionally to be seen in the present day. The great 

 merchants of the day frequently vied with the nobility in the 

 stateliness of their town abodes ; but it is not these, but the 

 dwellings of the less wealthy citizens, that we have now under 

 our consideration. 



One characteristic form of house arose in England in the 

 Middle Ages, and set a style which continued to be in vogue, 

 with few modifications, for three or four hundred years. It 

 was a narrow building with a pointed roof, and the gable over- 

 hanging the street ; each storey, moreover, projecting over 

 that immediately below. This is the kind of old-fashioned, 

 middle-class house occasionally found in nearly all parts of 

 the country at the present day, and which will be familiar 

 to many of our readers. The material with which it was built 

 was usually stone or brick, with a large quantity of timber, the 

 latter ornamentally disposed in front of the house in a very 

 striking manner. These half-timbered houses were in vogue 

 alike for the shops of the citizens in the towns, the farmhouses 

 in the country, and the residences of small landed proprietors. 

 As an example, we give an illustration of a farmhouse of the 

 fourteenth century, near Leicester. The style was more suitable 

 to the country than to the town, for in the latter the pro- 

 jection of the overhanging storeys had an injurious effect, by 

 excluding a great portion of the light and air which should have 

 been admitted to the streets. On the other hand, it may bo 

 remarked that each storey sheltered that below from tho 

 weather ; and to this fact, as well as to the solidity of the materials 

 used, the enduring character of the building* must be ascribed. 



As far as regards internal accommodation, these houses could 

 not boast of many conveniences. Tho lower floors were dark, 

 the ceilings low throughout, and the apartments often dis- 

 figured by huge beams supporting tho upper floors. They worv 

 very deficient in ventilation, not only by reason of their peculiar 

 construction, but also from the fixity of the windows, which 

 rendered the admission of a free current of air difficult even 

 when it was most desired. To this cause must be attributed a 

 great deal of the sickness which afflicted England during the 

 long period when these houses wero common. In the smaller 

 houses built in this fashion, and packed closely together in 

 towns, the faults essential to the style were particularly injnrioua 

 to the health of tho inhabitants. 



Such as it was, this style held its ground until the rise of the 

 era of plain square buildings built of brick, and, in the better 

 class of dwellings, occasionally ornamented with flat columns or 



