78 



THE POPULAR EDUCATOR. 



of the original, and the reader who is able to study the New 

 Testament in Greek will find that he is able thereby to solve 

 many difficulties, and throw a clear light upon passages which 

 previously had been quite beyond bis comprehension. 



XENOPHON. 



Xenophon was a writer who flourished B.C. 400 359. He 

 was a pupil of the great philosopher Socrates, who once saved 

 his life in battle. lie was also a celebrated general ; and the 

 Anabasis, or expedition up the country (ava, up), IB the account 

 of a campaign in which he took a very prominent part. Xeno- 

 phon lived at a time when the Greek language was at its best, 

 when dialects were dying out, and Greece was beginning to have 

 a uniform speech (KOJI/TJ SioAe/cros), in which the Attic was the 

 principal element. The " Anabasis " has always had a great 

 charm for all classes of readers, on account of its minuteness of 

 detail, picturesque simplicity of style, and the, air of reality 

 and truth which pervades it. Its plainness and simplicity make 

 it the most desirable work for beginners to take up. It is an 

 account of an expedition undertaken by Cyrus the Younger to 

 overthrow his brother, Artaxerxes, King of Persia, and of the re- 

 treat of the Greek troops after the death of Cyrus under the 

 command of Xenophon himself. Cyrus collected a large army, 

 composed principally of Greeks, and marched across Asia Minor 

 towards Persia. The Greek soldiers, who at first did not know 

 the object of the expedition, when they suspected that they 

 were marching against Artaxerxes, were inclined to be mutinous, 

 and resolved to ask Cyrus what were his real intentions. It is 

 at this point that we take our first extract. 



XENOPHON. "ANABASIS," Book I., Chap. 3. 



*E8o|e ravra, 1 Kal avSpas e\6fj.evoi~ avv K\edpxf 3 -ite^Ttovaiv, of 

 fjpc&rwj' KDpov TO. So^avra rfj ffrpana. 'O 5' aireKpiva.ro Sri 

 UKovoi 4 'frPpoKOnav, fyBpbv avSpa, tirl r$ Ev<ppdrri iroTa.fj.cp etvat, 

 avexovra SdSeKa <rrad/j.ovs' jrpbs rovrov ovv etyri I3ov\eff8ai ^\6e7v 

 caj> 5 n*v 77 <?/?, TV SiKi]r -<prj XPrf& lv ^ td ^" ul avrf, " V 8t? 



<pevyy, rj 



'A.KOv<ravres 



ov irporepov etpfpov, avrl SapetKov 13 rpia rifiiSapetica rov fjyvbs r$ 

 ffTparuarrr 1 * '6n Se eirl /3a<nA,e'a ayei, ouSe evravQa. riKOVfftv ovSels 

 tv ye rip (paveptf. 15 



NOTES. 



1. "EiSofe ravra, thfise tilings seemed good, they determined on this course, 

 viz., to ask Cyrus the object of the expedition. The neuter plural 

 rdvra is followed by the singular verb e<5o?e, according to the rule 

 that a neuter plural in Greek takes a verb in the singular. 



2. 'E.\onevoi, 2 aor. mid., from aipeu. 



3. KXeapx'j', the name of a general of the Greek forces. 



4. 'AKOI/OI, opt. mood, because independent sentence following a prin- 

 cipal sentence, of which the verb uwexpiWi-o is in an -historic tense. 



5. Kay, contracted for ai t-ai/. 



6. AI'KIJK eiritfeTvui, to lay a penalty upon, to punish. So 3innv iovvat, to 

 pay a penalty, to be punished. Compare the Latin paenas sumere, painas 

 dare. 



7. "Hi/ Se. Here the construction changes from the oratio obliqua to 

 the oratio recta, giving Cyrus' own words : "and if" (said he) "he fly" 



8. Aiperoi, chosen by their comrades as spokesmen. 



9. ToZr, the article used for the demonstrative pronoun voinois, to 

 them. Note that the article originally was a demonstrative pronoun, 

 and appears as such in Homer, etc. This old use of it is retained 

 in expressions like the present one, and in o jutu 6 Sf, etc. 



10. Mti/, on th one hand, followed by &f, on the other. 



11. nparratTovai. ripot, when compounded with a verb, has the sense 

 of addition. They ask additional pay. 



12. 'H/jioXiov . . . ov, half as much, again as (nt^tav, half; oXor, whole); ov 

 genitive, because it is attracted into the case in which the demonstra- 

 tive would be, if expressed. If put out at length, the sentence would 



run, rijuioXiov eneivou o Trporepov fQepov. 



13. AapecKou, a dareik, a Persian coin named after King Darius, as we 

 speak of a napoleon, a sovereign, etc. 



14. ToD ,fj.nv? Tf o-Tpcmcirj;. The article here has a distributive sense. 

 To each, soldier per month. Mrjvoy is genitive of time. 



15. "EK 76 vip rjHivepui, at least openly. 



When in the plains near the Euphrates, they came upon some 

 singular .animals : 



XENOPHON. "ANABASIS," Book I., Chap. 3. 

 5 Ev rovrif 8e rej> r6ir<? ^v /ttey f] yri ireSiov airav 6/j.a\bv, 1 

 Sxrirtp 6d\a.rra, atyivQiov Se ir\ripts' el 8e TI Kal &\\o 

 v, airavra $ffu 



8' ovSfv lvj\v. Q-npia Se iravrota, ir\ftffroi /uev fooi aypiot, Tro\\ol 

 8f ffrpovdol 3 ol fjifya.\oi- tvrtffav 8e Kal uTiSts Kal Sop/cciSes- 4 ravTa 

 Se Ta Oijpia ol lirirtls evioTe fSlcaKOv. Kal ol peis ovol, eirfi TIS 

 Sic&Kot, irpo8pafj.6i>Tfs fffravav &v 5 TroXu "yap rtav 'liriraiv erpf^of 

 05.TTOV Kal 7roA.iv, eTrel Tr\r)<ndoiev ol 'liriroi, raurbv ^iroiovv, Kal 

 OVK ?iv 6 Xafitiv, fl fn^i SiaffrdvTfs ol lirireis drjpfev StaSexo/Ji.fvoi' rots 

 'lirirois. To 8e Kpta rS>v a\LfTKO/ji(vwv ?>v irapairA^cria rols f\a<peiois, 

 a.Tra\ii>repa Se. ^rpovOliv Se oiiSfls e\af3ev ol Se Stca^avres r>i> 

 lirirf<i>v s TUXV tiravovro 1 TTO\V yap aireffira 9 tpfvyovffa, ro?s /ttv irotrl 

 Sp6fj.it>, rals Se irTepwfjj/, afpov<ra, w &ffKfp io'rtcp ^pw^tevi}. Tas 

 8e uriSas, &v ns raxy aviffrrj, Herri \afj.&dv(W Ttfrovrai yap 

 v> &ffirfp TTfpSiKts, Kal rax* 1 airayopevovfff ra Se Kpta. ainua 1 



NOTES. 



1. 'O/uaXoi' (der. from o^ioC, together), even, level. 



2. 'ApiijuaTa, spices : hence our aroma, aromatic. 



3. 2Tpou0ot, ostriches. 



4. AopK<i3r, gazelles (SepKia, to look), from the brilliancy of their eyes; 

 iies, Bustards, so called from their large ears (ovt, unot, an ear). 



5. npo<5pa/ioi/T eirtaaav a v , having run forward, would stop short. "A 

 gives a frequentative sense to the verb. 



6. OVK nv, it was not ; sc. possible. 



7. Aia3fxojue"><- A<a in composition has a sense of division and alter- 

 nation. It means that they stood at different intervals, and thus 

 caught them. 



8. Ol ie . .. TWV iiriretav, those of the cavalry who pursued them. Called 

 the partitive genitive. 



9. "Ajreaffa. The nom. to this is o-rpovfMr. 



10. Ai'pouo-a, raising them ; so. tncpvias. 



PAUSING EXERCISE. 



The student should parse TrpoSpa/uoWty, evraffav, Oripytv, 

 aireffira, aviffrrj. 



The army of Cyrus met with Artaxerxes at Cunaxa, near 

 Babylon, and a battle was fought in which Cyrus was slain by 

 his brother, after which the chief Greek generals were treache- 

 rously killed by the Persians. Xenophon was left head of the 

 helpless host, and he led them back through innumerable diffi- 

 culties to Greece. When they came to the sea-shore, they broke 

 out into transports of joy: 



XENOPHON. "ANABASIS," Book IV., Chap. 7. 



'ETreiS^j Se |8o}) ir\ei<av re eyiyvtro Kal eyyvrtpov, Kal ol afl 

 tiriovrts edeov Spopia 1 tirl rols ael fiowvras, Kal Tto\\<f 



&d\arral 6d\arral" Kal iraptyyutavruv. 

 edeov 'dicavres Kal ol 6iricr()o<f>v\aKes, Kal ra inro^vyia yXavvero 

 Kal ol 'iirtroi. 'Eirl Se atplKovro irdvres eirl rb aKpov, evrav&a S?j 

 irepie(3a\\ov aAA^Aous Kal ffrparyyovs Kal \oxayovs & Sa/cpiWrej. 

 Kol e'loTriVrjj, OTOU S^i Ttapeyyvriffavros, 6 ol ffrpanSirai (ptpovert 

 \i8ovs Kal iroiovffi KoKuvbv fj.eyav. 'EvravBa uverlQeffav ^Sep/j.dr<ai> 

 irA.ijflos wfio^otvcav 7 Kal &aKTiipla<i Kal ra alxfJ-aXwra 9 yeppa, Kal 6 

 Tiyejjiiav avros re KaTtTeju.ee ra yeppa Kal rots a\\ois SteKe\fvero. 9 

 NOTES. 



1. "f.6eov Spony, were running with (at full) speed. Dative of manner. 



2. "O<ru> 3>j, by exactly as much, as they grew more ; exactly as their num- 

 bers increased the shouting increased. 



3. Miuf 6v TI, something greater (than usual), something important. 



4. napt/3ofj9et, he ran to give aid, or to the noise, riapa means motion 

 to. BoijtfeiV is to assist, being literally to run ; 6e<a, to a shout, 06n. 



5. Aoxa-yoOt, captains ('>) of a cohort (Xox"f). 



6. "OTOW 5J; wapfjfvijaavrof, some one or other having prompted them 

 (genitive absolute). 



7. '(ljLio/3ofi/wi> > of raw oa-hides (<aftot, raw ; Povt, ox). 



8. AxjuXo>Ta, tafeen captive; lit., tafcen by the spear (OIXMI, a spear; 

 aXaiTot, tafcen). 



9. AifKeXei/ero." At'a in composition has a distributive force. Sent 

 orders round to the rest. 



LESSONS IN GERMAN. XLVI. 



SECTION XCVIII IDIOMATIC PHRASES (continued). 



@incn Sag urn ten dntern, literally, one day about the other, 

 i.e., every other day ; as : @r gct;t einen Sag urn ten anbern in tie 

 tatt, he goes every other day into town, men Sag um ben antern 

 Ijafcc (d) Unterrtdjt in let beutfctyen pradje, every other day I have 

 instruction in the German language. 



1. 2Serg(ctc$en to compare to or with ; as: Stertn tft tr S^ie- 



