HEADINGS IN LATIN. 





hero, ^Enoas, after tho taking of Troy by the Greeks, bis landing 



y, his wan with the native tribes, and filial settlement. 



< *e are written in the 1 < rhythm ; and 



L.II to them Virgil oomposed several other short pieces 



in dill'orent metres which havu come down to us, bat are not so 



. ly read. Tho chief characteristics of Virgil's style are his 



iiiK'.'iuiity, and skill. He cannot lay claim to any groat 



. it\. for both his subjects and his method of treatment 



are alike taken from Greek models, though his writings contain 



passages of great beauty and true poetical sentiment ; but, liko 



..,'linh Pope, he remodelled and put into shape the metre 



he employed, which up to his time had been rugged and un- 



d. The Bucolics, or Eclogues for by the latter name 



they are more generally known may be described as scenes 



of pastoral life taken from the poetical point of view, and 



\<ry beautiful, they are totally unnatural, and the 



characters in them have been cleverly compared to the ladies 



and gentlemen in the garb of shepherds and shepherdesses that 



we see sometimes in English family pictures. While they speak 



in many cases the sentiment of Italians of Virgil's day, all the 



scenery and surroundings axe most distinctly Greek, and the 



poems are, in fact, very close copies of the pictures of life found 



in some of the Greek writers, tho very names employed being 



Greek. Our first extract is taken from the seventh Eclogue, 



which represents an improvisatorial trial of musical skill between 



two shepherds. 



VIRQIL. EC. VII. 119. 

 Forte sub arguta consederat ilice Daphnis, 

 Compnlerantque greges Corydon et Thyrsis in unum, 

 Thyrsis oves, Corydon distentas lacto capellas, 

 Ambo florentos aetatibus, Arcades ambo, 

 Et cantare pares, et respondere parati. 5 



Hue mihi, dum teneras defendo a frigore myrtos, 

 Vir gregis ipse caper deerraverat ; atque ego Daphnim 

 Aspicio. Hie nbi me contra videt, " Ocius," inquit, 

 " Hue ades, o Meliboee ; caper tibi salvus et haedi ; 

 Et si quid cessare potes, requiesce sub umbra. 10 



Hue ipsi potum venient per prata juvenci ; 

 Hie virides sacra praetexit arundine ripas 

 Mincius, eque sacrsi resonant examina quercu." 

 Quid facerem ? Neqne ego Alcippen nee Phyllida habebam, 

 Depulsos a lacte domi quas clauderet agnos ; 15 



i certamen erat, Corydon cum Thyrside, magnum. 

 Posthabui tamcn illorum mea seria ludo. 

 Altemis igitur contendere versibus ambo 

 Coepere, alternos Musae meminisse volebant. 



NOTES. 

 (The numbers refer to the lines.) 



1. Arguta, shrill. The epithet boa reference to the sound of the 

 wind in the branches, and may be translated whispering. 



2. In unum, together, or into one place ; supply locum. 



3. Oves governed by compulerat understood, from compulerant hi 

 the previous line. 



4. Arcades. Arcadia was looked upon as the land of pastoral 

 poetry, and so Arcades is used as synonymous with poetse. 



5. Pares goes with parati, both equally prepared to, or it may be con- 

 strued with cantare, equals in singing, an irregular construction, as il 

 it were " pares in cantando." Vir gregis, the monarch of the herd. 



6. Mihi. This is called the dativus ethicun, or dative of reference. 

 Here it is used in much the same sense as the possessive meus, and 

 may be construed with caper. Defendo is used in Latin in two senses 

 (1) to defend, as herel; (2) to word of. Defendit sestatem is used by 

 Horace to mean word* off the htat. 



7. Atque is generally used to express some sudden change : ond lo / 

 on a fudden I tee Daphnis. 



9. Tibi, used as mihi in line 6. 



11. Ipsi, of their own accord ; a frequent use of this pronoun. 



14. Quid facerem ? What could I dot 



16. Et, etc. And on the other hand there was a contest Corydon against 

 Thyrns a great one. The sentence Corydon cum Thyrside is put in 

 apposition with certamen, which it explains. 



19. Alternos. Their Muses unshed to remember alternate strains, and 

 therefore to recall them to the minds of the shepherds. 



Our next extract is from the 2nd Georgic, which treats of 

 the culture of trees. 



VIBOIL. GEORQ. II. 109117. 

 Nee vero terras ferre omnes omnia possunt. 

 Fluminibus saliccs, crassisque pahidibus alni 

 Nascuntur, sterilea saxosis montibns onii ; 



110 



Littora myrtotis Igtissima t denique apertos 



Bacchus amat colics, Aquilonom et frigora taxi 



Adspioe et extremis domitum cultoribtu orbcui, 



EoMque domos Arabum, piotosque Gelonos. 115 



iJiviiiiu arboribun patriio ; sola India mgrum 



Fort ebonum ; soils est thurea virga Babcris. 



NOTES. 

 110. Pluminibui, poludibus, ablatives of place, bj itrcamt, < vumhet. 



112. LetiMima. Lotus, glad, is here used, u it oftou U, in tho 

 sense of abounding. There is a similar allusion to tbe locality of the 

 myrtle in Oeorg. IV. 124, where Virgil speaks of "aauub* littors 

 mrrtos.' 1 



113. Bacchus. The god of the vine, used here for the i ., itself; so 

 we find Ceres used for corn, Vulcanus for jlrt, Mars for war, and 

 Minerva for intellect. 



115. Qeloni, a tribe inhabiting the neighbourhood of the Dneipcr; 

 their country is tho modern Ukraine. 



116. Divisee, etc., countries are divided among trceti.c. t each troo 

 has its own country. 



117. Solis. To the Soooans alon* the /ranJciiu*nse tree bclongt. The 

 Sabeeaus inhabited purt of Arabia. 



The third extract is from the yEneid, and is the celebrated de- 

 scription of Fama (Humour). 



VIRGIL. JEs. IV. 173188. 

 Extemplo Libyae maenas it Fama per nrbes, 

 Fama, malum, qua non aliud velocius ullum; 

 Mobilitate viget, viresque acquirit eundo ; 175 



Parva raetu primo, mox sese attollit in auras, 

 Ingreditnrque solo, et caput inter nubila condit. 

 Illam Terra parens, irii irritata deorum 

 Extremam ut perhibent CCEO Enceladoque sororem 

 Progenuit, pedibua celerem et pernicibns alis ; 180 



Monstrnm horrendum, ingens, cui quot sunt corpore plumso 

 Tot vigiles oculi subter, mirabile dictu, 

 Tot linguae, totidem ora sonant, tot subrigit auras, 

 Nocte volat cceli medio terraeque, per umbram 

 Stridens, neo dulci declinat lamina somno ; 185 



Luce sedet custos, aut suinmi culmine tecti, 

 Turribus aut altia, et magnas territat nrbea, 

 Tarn ficti pravique tenax quam nuncia veri. 



NOTES. 

 173. Libyse. The ancient name for the northern part of Africa. 



179. Cams and Enceladus were two of the giants of the Greek 

 mythology. 



180. Pedibus, an ablative of reference, siri/l of foot and untiring of wing. 

 " The ablative denotes that part of the subject with regard to which 

 something is predicated of tbe subject : ager pedibus, \ccait in ike feet." 

 (Madvig, " Latin Grammar," 253.) 



181. Cui quot suut, etc., who has, for every feather on her body, a 

 watchful eye beneath, for every eye, etc. 



184. Coeli medio terrseque, midtcay between heaven and earth ; so we find 

 "locum medium utriusque," a place midway between both (Ctesar, 

 Bel. Gal. I. 34). 



186. Luce, in the daylight, by day ; opposed to nocte, both ablatives 

 of time. 



We subjoin a translation of Extract 3, from Caesar, in our last 

 Readings in Latin : 



CJESAB. " ON THE WAR IN GAUL," Book IV., cap. riv. 

 And when Caesar observed this he gave orders to move the 

 war-galleys some little distance from the transports, and to row 

 them up and station them opposite to the exposed side of the 

 enemy, as their appearance was somewhat strange to the bar- 

 barians and their movements more handy for his purpose, and 

 with slings, arrows, and engines to attack the enemy and drive 

 them from the position. And this manoeuvre was a great help 

 to our men, as tho barbarians, amazed at the shape of the 

 galleys and the motion of the oars, and the strange nature of 

 the engines, halted, and gradually retreated. And as our 

 soldiers hung back, chiefly on account of the depth of the sea, 

 the standard-bearer of the tenth legion, having prayed to the 

 gods that what he was about to do might have a prosperous 

 issue, called out, " Leap, comrades, unless you would betray the 

 standard to the enemy : I at least will surely do my duty by the 

 state and our general ! " And having spoken thus in a loud 

 voice, he leaped from the vessel aud went, standard in hand, 

 against the enemy. Then our men, having admonished one 

 another not to allow of such a disgrace, leaped down in a body 

 from the vessel, and when the men on the ships next them saw 

 them, they also followed them and approached the enemy. 



