



the mood-nig-M, which aro the vowel* that indicate the several 

 moods i for example : 



Sin. Ind. Pres. M., &ov\tv-o-nat. Sul.j., &ov\tu--pat. 



,'i I . r -. Si-i/. Ind. Put., ooAi/-<r-*-Tat. Opt., $<iv\fv-ff-ot-ro. 



1 IVrn. 1'Iur. Ind. Pres., /3oi/Xt/-a-^ffla. Subj., #wAu--u0a. 



2 Pars. Plur. Ind. Pros., /3oi/Ai/--o-0. Sul-j., /3ouAv-Tj-r0. 



1 Pen. Sing. Ind. Aor. 1, t&ov\*v-a-a.-ii.i\v. Subj., j8ovAi/-<r--nai. 



SPerfl. Sing. Ind. Aor.l, /3oi/Ai/-o--a-To. Opt., /3oi/Au-<r-at-To. 



In these instances &ov\tv is the root, and 0oi/Arv<r ia the stem 

 of the first aorist, while oi/Ai/<r IB the stem of the future. 

 The personal endings aro fiat, rat, ^<0a, TO, etc. ; and the mood- 

 signs are the vowels o <a, t TJ, a at. It may be noticed that 

 the short vowels represent the indicative, and that these short 

 rowels are changed into their corresponding long ones for the 

 subjunctive ; also that < enters aa an essential into the optative 

 forms, as in /3ov\u(rorro and fiovhtvaairo. These two tenses 

 are, you see, very near in form, differing in this only, that the 

 latter has an a where the former has an o. 



The personal endings join on immediately to the mood-signs, 

 and unite so closely with them that they are blended together, 

 and may appear as ono : for example, 0ov\fv<r-r)s, instead of 

 /JouAeua-Tj-ij, and /3ouAu-Tj instead of j8ouAeu--cu. 



The distinction between the principal tenses and the historic 

 tenses is important. The principal tenses of all moods but the 

 optative that is, the present, the perfect, and the future form 

 the second and the third person of the dual in ov, as f3ou\tv-f- 

 rov, pov\fv-(-Tov, &ov\(v-(-ffQov, Pou\fv-f-ff6ov ; while the his- 

 toric tenses of all the moods and all the tenses of the optative 

 mood form them in i\v, as tfiovtev-e-rriv, tfiov\fv-(-Tr)v, c&ov\tv- 

 t-<r9ijv, t&ov\fv-t-(r6r]v, though, according to some grammarians, 

 the second person of the dual in all these tenses ends in ov. 

 Further, the principal tenses form the third person plural, 

 active voice, with the termination <rt (which is altered for the 

 sake of euphony from TJ, ixrt), which before a vowel becomes 

 <rf, and the third person plural middle with vrai ; but the 

 historic or secondary tenses have in the active v, and in the 

 middle mo ; as 



$ov\tv-o-ma.i, e-ftovK 



Lastly, the principal tenses in the singular of the present middle 

 rnn thus, pat, ffai, rai ; but the historic tenses thus, HTJV, <ro, 



f3ov\iu-f-ffa.t = 



t-&ov\tv-f-TO. 



The person-endings of the subjunctive of the principal tenses 

 correspond to those of the indicative of the principal tenses, 



and those of the optative to those of the indicative of the his- 

 toric tenses, as 



2 & 3 Dual Ind. Pres. Act. ftov\fvf-rov. Subj. &ov\fvi)-roi>. 



Mid. {3ov\fvf-ff6oit. &ov\tvT}-ff6ov. 



3 Plural, Act. Pov\tvov-ffi(v). /3oL/Ai/o>-(n(v). 



Mid. Pov\fvo-yrai. $ou\(vta-vrcu. 



1 Sing., fiov\tvu-/jiai. /3ov\fvw-fj.at. 



2 )3ovAv-Tj. /Soi/Atu-jj. 



3 /3ouAu-Tat. /3oi>Atu77-Tai. 

 2 & 3 Dual Imp. Ind., Act. f-fiov\(ve-Tr)t>. Opt. 0ov\fvoi-TT]t>. 



Mid. f-&ov\fvf-ffQi]v. &ov\tvot-ff6riv. 



3 Plural Imp. Ind., Act. f-&ov\tvo-v. ouAcvot-ei/. 



Mid. (-/3oV\fVO-VTO. &OV\tVOt-VTO. 



1 Sing. Imp. Ind., Mid. -/3ouAi/o-^Tji/. f)uv\tvoi-fj.riv. 



2 (f-fiov\(v(-ffo), (Pov\fvot-<ro), 



t-&OV\fV-OV. /3dV\fVOl-0. 



e-/3ouA(u-ro. 



As already intimated, the mood-vowel of the subjunctive of 

 * the historic tenses differs from that of the indicative in its 

 ' being lengthened ; thus, o is lengthened into o>, < and a into TJ, 

 and into p ; aa 



Indicative, /3ovAu-o-|uc', &ov\ev~tis, &ov\v-f-cr6f, 

 Subjunctive, /3ovAcv-a>-/ufi>, &ov\tv-ys, Pov\fv-i)-<r8f. 



The mood-vowel or mood-sign of the optative is t, in connec- 

 tion with the preceding mood-vowel of the first person singular 

 indicative : the pluperfect forms an exception, since its optative 

 Assumes tho mood- vowel of the present ; for example : 



:]). Act. Illil., OJ Opt., Ot. f-^Ot/AfU-O-f, 



Plural Aorist 1, a; a<. -0ot/Ai/<r-a-/i'. /3oi/Ai/(r-<u- 



ISin. Plup. Act.Opt., o<; ' utv. 



01 ; 



GENERAL TABLE OF SIOOD-VOWEL8 IH THE ACTIVE AJTD 

 MIDDLE VOICES. 



Singular. Dual. Plural. 



Indicative. 123 123 123 



Pres. Fut., Act. -a> -ct -<i < -o -o 



Pros. Fut., Mid.; Imp. Ac: 



2. , * . . - i -t *C *O *( "O * "0 



, Act. and Mid. ) 



Aor. 1 , Act. ; Perf., Act. and ) 



jjr-ji y -a -a -* -a -a -a -a -a 



Aor. 1, Mid. -a -a -a -a -a -a -a -a 



Pluperf. -t -ti -ft -ti -ti -ft - (). 



Imperative. 



Pres. and Perf. Aor. 2, Act. -e * - - 



Aor. 1, Act. -o -a a -a a -a 



Aor. 1, Mid. -a -a -a -a -a -a 



Subjunctive -u -TJ -TJ - -TJ -TJ - -TJ -tt 



Optative. 



Pres. Fnt. Perf. , 2 Aor., Act ") 



and Mid. j-ot-oi-ot - -o* -ot -ot -o. -oi 



Aor. 1, Act. and Mid. -at -at -ax -eu -at -at -at -at -at 



Infinitive. 



Pres. Fut. Act., 2 Aor. -t. 1 Aor., Act. and Mid. -o. 



Pres. Fut. Perf. Act., Perf. Mid. -e. 

 Participle. 



Pros. Fut. Perf., Act. Mid^,") r., ,-.. OA ., 



2 Aor., Act. j ~ 0> ' ' or-> ^^ "* 



1 Aor., Act. and Mid. -a. 



GENERAL VIEW OP THE PERSON-ENDINGS OF A VERB IN tt. 



ACTIVE FOKM. MIDDLE FORM. 



Indie. &Suhj., Indic.&Opt., Jndic.&Sub}.. Indie, t Opt., 



Principal Tenset. Hittorie Tentet. Principal Tentet. Historic Tttuu. 



Sing. 1. -v, -/MU, -wiv- 



2. -s, -y, -o-at, -<ro, -o. 



3. -Tat, -TO. 

 Dual 1. -u-fdov, -fjitdov. 



2. -TOV, -rov, -<r6ov, -ffOor. 



3. -rov, 'TT)v t -aQov, '(rfhjv. 

 Plur. 1. -/J-ev, -Hfv> -/J-tda, -fjifBa, 



2. -T, -T, -ffOf, -ff9f. 



3. (-m ) -ffi, -i/, ffav. -mat (-OTCU), -mo (-OTO). 



Imperative. Imperative. 



Sing. 2. 3. -TO). Sing. 2. (-o-o)-o; 3. -a6u>. 



Dual 2. -rov ; 3. -rwv. Dual 2. -aQov ; 3. -aQoiv. 



Plur. 2. -re, 3. -rtaaav. Plur. 2. -trSc, 3. -ffQwaav,-aQwi 



Infinitive. Infinitive. 



Pres., Future and Aorist 2, -v ; -0-60*. 



Perf. Act. and Aor. 1 and 2 Pass., vat. 

 Aorist 1 Active, -a*. 



Participle. Porfkipl*. 



Stem, vr ; except the Perfect, whose fitvoy, MT> ptvov. 



Stem ends in OT ; jiepo?, /UCITJ, /xevov, Perf 



KEY TO EXERCISES IN LESSONS IN GBEEK. 



EXERCISE 72. GREEK-ENGLISH. 



1. The file consisted of (wo) a hundred men. 2. The time wac 

 (literally, ft teas of time) a little before sunset. 3. The laws are the 

 punishments of transgressors. 4. The punishment for theae things 

 (or, for these men) is death. 5. Corn failed, and could not be pur- 

 chased. 6. Ton may see the mountain. 7. The valour of Agnnilatu 

 was a pattern. 8. We have no breakfast. 9. I will be the convener. 

 10. This man is the victor. 11. I am one of theae. 12. The king 

 thinks that you are his (subjects). 13. The planting of trees, 

 therefore, is part of (belongs to) the art of agriculture. 14. They have 

 a market. 15. We were in extremities. 16. Cyrus was in this con- 

 dition. 17. This shall be in your power. 18. There ia no little good 

 in harmony. 19. To violence belong enmities and dangers. 30. I wish 

 to be superior to my friends in (or by) care. 21. Agesilaus was present 

 bringing gifts. 22. Ships had come (literally, vtr preunt) to Cyrus 

 from the Peloponnesus. 



EXERCISE 73. ENGLISH-GREEK. 



1. TOVTO tw' tpot [(wi CMOI] TTI. 3. Oi rofiot twt 001 tiatv. 3. Ewi sot 

 etrti atrov irpiu<rtftii. 4. tin TO<C iroAii<or tj> iropcirai. 5. Eiri wautrtv a^a&Mt 

 etrri wcpKitai. 6. tir' c^oi fir-tat ry wo\it wpoerttt-ai. 7. Ai (tifuai TOM 

 aMapTwXoir wfoatKTu. 8. 'H ttri/icAtia <trt run fn\m* warm trri 

 9. At nf 





