LKSSONS IX ITALIAN. 



inK' in hfiK'ht from about 5,500 feet to about 200 or 300 feet 



ut its .xti.m.t). Between the mouth of the river Chagres on 



the Atl nnl the city of Panama on the Pacific aide, 



i -1 miles ; and the highest ground on the 



proposed lino of railway between these point* ia leu than 300 

 feet 



SUMMARY or BOUNDARIES. 



NORTH. Arctic Ocean. 

 WSST. Pacific Ocean. 

 SOUTH. Pacific Ocean. 

 EAST. Isthmus of Panama, At- 

 lantic Ocean. 



SUMMARY or SEAS, GULPS, ETC. 



Boffin Bay, bet ween Greenland and 



I'nnce William Land. 

 Gulf of Boothia, . of Boothia 



Felix. 

 Hudson Bay, between East Main 



and Rupert's Land. 

 James Boy, S. of Hudson Bay. 

 Gulf of St. Lawrence, between New 



Brunswick and Labrador. 

 Bay of Fuuily, between Nova Scotia 



and New Brunswick. 

 Delaware Boy, U.S. east coast. 

 Chesapeake Bay, U.S. east coast. 

 Gulf of Mexico, between United 



States and Mexico. 

 Caribbean Sea, between Mexico 



and West India Islands. 

 Bay of Honduras, W. of Caribbean 



Sea. 



Bay of Guatemala, S.W. of Carib- 

 bean Sea. 

 Bay of Campeche, S. of Gulf of 



Mexico. 

 Bay of Panama, S. of Isthmus of 



Panama. 



Gulf of Tehuantepec, S. of Mexico. 

 Gulf of California, between Penin- 

 sula of California and the 



mainland. 

 Queen Charlotte Sound, E. coast 



of British America. 



SUMMAKY OF STRAITS. 



Davis Strait, S. of Baffin Bay. 

 Hudson Strait, between Atlantic 



and Hudson Bay. 

 Belleisle Strait, between Labrador 



and Newfoundland. 

 Frobisher Strait, N. of Hudson 



Strait. 

 Cumberland Strait, N. of Frobisher 



Strait. 



Fox Channel, Arctic Regions. 

 Yucatan Channel, between Yucatan 



and Cuba. 

 Juan de Fuca Strait, bctweenUnited 



States aud Vancouver Island. 

 Behriug Strait, between N. America 



and Asia. 

 Gut of Conso, between Capo Breton 



Island and Nova Scotia. 



SUMMARY or PEXIMULAS. 

 Melville Peninsula, Arctic Regions. 

 Boothia Felix, Arctic Regions. 

 East Main and Labrador. 

 Neva Scotia, Dominion of Canada. 

 Florida, Unitet 1 States. 

 Yucatan, Central America. 

 Lower California. 



SUMMARY or CAFES. 



Icy Cape, N. of Alaska. 



Point Barrow, N. of Alaska. 



Cape Bathurst, N. of British North 

 America. 



Murchison Promontory, N. of 

 British North America. 



Cape Farewell, 8. of Greenland. 



Cape Chudleigh, N.E. Labrador. 



Cape Charles, 8.E. Labrador. 



Cape Race, S.E. Newfoundland. 



Cape Sable, S.W. Nova Scotia. 



Cape Cod \ E. of United 



Cape Hutteras ) States. 



Cape Sable, S. of Florida. 



Catoche Point, N.E. Yucatan. 



Cape Gracios a Dios, E. of Hon- 

 duras. 



Cape Corrientes, W. of Mexico. 



Cape St. Lucas, S. of Lower Cali- 

 fornia. 



Cape Mendocino \ W. of United 



Cape Blanco j States. 



Cape Romanzoff, W. of Alaska. 



Cape Prince of Wales, W. of Alaska. 



Capo Lisburn, W. of Alaska. 



SUMMARY OF ISTHMUSES. 

 Chignecto, Nova Scotia. 

 Tehuantepec, Mexico. 

 Panama, Central America. 



SUMMARY OF MOUNTAINS. 

 Rocky Mountains, comprising 

 Western Ranges, from North 

 Coast to Central America. 

 The principal peaks ore- 

 Mount St. Elias, A1;tftlfft. 



Mount St. Helens, W. United 

 States. 



Mount Hood, W. United States. 



Mount Brown, British Columbia. 



Mount Hooker, British Colum- 

 bia. 



Fremont's Peak, W. United 

 States. 



Orizaba, Mexico. 



Popocatepetl, Mexico. 

 Alleghauies or Appalachian Moun- 

 tains, comprising the Eastern 

 Ranges. 



LESSONS IN ITALIAN. XII. 



THE PREPOSITION DI ITS USE, ETC. 

 THE proper use of the words di, a, da, in, con, per, su, s6-pra, fra, 

 and fra, is of such primary importance in Italian, that I shall 

 devote this lesson to an elementary explanation of some of 

 their peculiarities. 



Di. 



The nse of this word very frequently coincides with the nse of 

 the case-sign, or preposition of, in English grammar : 



1. When the questions of whom? of which? of what ? whose? 

 what kind or sort of? require the genitive also in English : for 

 example, L' a-md-re del pd-dre, the love of the father ; i pat-si 

 del prtn-ci-pe, the countries of the prince ; la cle-mSn-za di IH-o, 

 the clemency of God ; la gran-d&-za ail-la cit-td, the greatness 

 of the town ; il U-lro di Qid-co-mo, the book of James. 



2. When geographical or other proper name* hidieatrag pos- 

 session, domain, authorship, etc., or merely for the purpose of 

 defining them, are joined to other nouns : for example, la ett4d 

 di Ve-ni-tia, the city of Venice ; il ri-gno di Bpd-yna, the king- 

 dom of Spain ; il mi-te di Lu-glio, the month of July ; il nfaiu 



-ct'-sco, the name of Francis; i <-to-la di Cor-flt, the 

 island of Corfu ; la re-gi-na d* In-yhil-t3r-ra, the Queen of Eng- 

 land ; il Re" di Prut-no, the king of Prussia ; I' im~pe-ra-t6-re d' 

 Au-ttria, the emperor of Austria ; I' at-tA-dio di Mdn-to-va, the 

 siege of Mantua; lo itre"t-to di Gi-WJ-^r-ra, the strait* of 

 Gibraltar ; I' vm-p6-ro di Rutt-iia, the empire of Russia ; le fro- 

 g6-die di Al-Jif-ri, the tragedies of Alfieri ; le com-mS-die di Qolr 

 dd-ni, the comedies of Goldoni. 



3. When words expressing quantity, weight, or any kind of 

 measure, are joined to other nouns : for example, u-na quan-ti-tb 

 di pd-co-re, a quantity of sheep ; u-na lib-bra di cdr-ne, a pound 

 of meat ; un cen-ti-nd-jo di fie-no, a hundredweight of hay , 

 u-na doz-zi-na di cuc-ckid-ji, di gudn-ti, d' uv-va, a dozen of 

 spoons, gloves, eggs ; un brdc-cio di pdn-no, a yard of cloth ; 

 u-na bot-U-glia di vi-no, a bottle of wine ; 6-na ca-rdf-fa d' d-cqua, 

 a decanter of water ; un' tin-da di caf-fd (kahf-fe), an ounce of 

 coffee ; vi-no di di4-ci dn-ni, wine of ten years. 



For the sake of elegance, the preposition di is, however, 

 sometimes omitted after the words cd-sa, house ; pa-ldz-zo, 

 palace ; pidz-zi, place, square ; vil-la, villa ; gal-le-ri-a, gallery ; 

 fa-mi-glia, family ; por-ta, gate, entry, and some others, when 

 they are followed by the name of the owner or of the person 

 after whom they are called : for example, in cd-sa Al~ti6-ri, at 

 the Altieri-honse ; vi-ci-no al pa-ldz-zo Bor-ghe'-se, near the Bor- 

 ghese-palace ; sul-la pidz-za Bar-be-rC-ni, on the Barberini- 

 square ; per la vil-la Pan-fi-li, for the villa Panfili ; n4l-la gal- 

 le-vi-a Do-ria, in the Doria-gallery ; dl-la fa-mi-glia Co-lon-na, 

 of the Colonra family; la por-ta San Gio-vdn-ni, St. John's- 

 gate or entry ; a cd-sa 'I zi-o (instead of a cd-sa del zi-o), at the 

 house of the uncle ; 6-ra a cd-sa que"-sto, 6-ra a cd-sa queU' dl-tro 

 (instead of di qiu'-sto, di quell' dl-tro), now at the house of this 

 one, then at the house of the other. 



English compound nouns, or combinations of nouns, for the 

 greatest part must be decomposed by the genitive case with the 

 case-sign di, especially when one of the nouns merely defines and 

 qualifies the other, which is the principal word conveying the 

 principal idea : for example, garden door, por- ta di giar-d{-no (door 

 of the garden) ; stone-quarry, co-ua di pil-tra (quarry of stone) ; 

 autumn fruits, frut-ti d ' au-tun-no (fruits of autumn) ; a music 

 amateur, un di-let-tdn-te di mu-xi-ca (an amateur of music) ; 

 Leipzig fair, fi-ra di Li-psia (fair of Leipzig) ; ox-tongue, lin- 

 gua di bdve (tongue of an ox) ; horse's head, t6~sta di ca-vdl-lo 

 (head of a horse) ; felt-hat, cdp-pd-lo di fe~l-tro (hat of felt) ; 

 sugar-box, cos-sa di zuc-che-ro (box of sugar). 



Whenever it is necessary with greater precision to define the 

 nonn in the genitive case so as to distinguish it from other 

 objects of the same class, the article, according to its peculiar 

 function of particularising that which is general, must be joined 

 to the case-sign di. 



The disregard of this rule will not nnfrequentiy cause am* 

 biguity : for example, it po-drd-ne d^l-la cd-sa d6-ve a-bi-tid-mo, 

 the master of the house where we live (il pa-dro-ne di cd-sa, ia 

 the master of the house in general) ; un boc-cd-le del vi-no che 

 be^v-vi V dl-tra se"-ra, a measure (= about two pints) of the wine 

 which I drank the other evening (wn boc-cd-le di vi-no, is a 

 measure of wine in general) ; il mer-cd-to dei ca-vdl-li, the hone- 

 market (il mer-cd-to di ca-vdLli, is merely a place where hones 

 are sold) ; U mer-cd-to ddl-la sel-vag-y(-na, the game-market ; 

 U ma-gaz-ei-no, de'l-la pd-glia, the straw-magazine (ma-gat-si-no 

 di pd-glia, is merely a magazine full of straw) ; il ma-goM-ti-no 

 d4l-le U-gna, the wood-magazine. 



English adjectives, indicating the material or stuff from which 

 anything is manufactured, or denoting qualities attributed or 

 derived from proper names of countries, nations, or towns, for 

 the greatest part will be translated into Italian by means of 

 nouns in the genitive case : for example, a gold watch, un o-ro- 

 lo-gio d' o-ro (a watch of gold) ; a marble statue, u-na std-tua di 

 mdr-mo (a statue of marble) ; a wooden table, un-a td-vo-la di 

 U-gno (a table of wood) ; an iron gate, li-na p6r-ta di ftr-ro (% 

 gate of iron) ; a silver spoon, un cuc-chid-jo d' ar-g&n-to (a spoon 

 of silver) ; a meritorious soldier, un sol-dd-to di m6-rMo (a 

 soldier of merit) ; a spirited or talented youth, un g\6-va-ne di 

 spi-rito, di ta-Un-to (a youth of spirit, of talent) ; Italian silk, 



