94 



THE POPULAR EDUCATOR. 



se"-ta d' I-td-lia (silk of Italy) ; Viennese citizens, cit-ia-di-ni di 

 ViSn-na (citizens of Vienna). It is, however, quite allowable to 

 say : std-tua mar-mo-rea, sol-dd-to me-ri-te-vo-le, yio-va-ne spi-ri- 

 t6-so, cit-ta-dC-ni Vien-nd-si. 



Adverbs of place or time before nouns, or even adjectives, of 

 this class, frequently, also, are translated by the genitive case : 

 for example, the back door or room, la por-ta la stdn-za di die- 

 tro (the door or room of behind) ; the hind-feet, i pie-di di di$- 

 tro (the feet of behind) ; the following day, il gior-no di do-md- 

 ni (the day of to-morrow) ; the present age, il mon-do d' og-gi- 

 dl (the world of now-a-days) ; after the present fashion or style, 

 al mo-do d' og-gi-di (after the fashion of now-a-days) ; the whole 

 last night, la not-td-ta di jt-ri (the whole night of yesterday) ; 

 yesterday, il gior-no dijS-ri (the day of yesterday). 



Whenever the infinitive mood of any verb explains and defines 

 another word, the preposition di must be placed before it (just 

 as the preposition of with the present participle of English 

 grammar in such cases) : for example, Ha u-na gran vo-glia di 

 viag-gid-re, he has a great desire to travel or of travelling ; e 

 t$m-po di an-dd-re, it is time to go or of going ; ra-gio-ne di la- 

 men-tdr-si, right to complain or of complaining ; I' o-n6-re di ve- 

 ddr-vi, the honour to see you or of seeing you ; li-cdn-za di par- 

 tir-si, permission to go away or of going away.* 



Di is also placed after the words qudn-to, how much, or great, 

 or long ; as, al-qudn-to, something, a little, some ; tan-to, so 

 much, or great, or long ; al-tret-tdn-to, just as much, equal ; 

 p6-co, little, few ; mdl-to, much, a great deal ; nidn-te, nothing ; 

 piu, more ; m4-no, less ; trop-po, too much, etc. : for example, 

 qudn-to di n6-ja sa-rtib-be per me, how great a nuisance would it 

 be for me ; do-po al-qudn-to di tem-po, after some time ; tdn-to 

 di vi-no ed al-tret-tdn-to d' d-cqua, so much wine and just as 

 much water; po-co di u-ti-le ne ri-ca-ve-re"-te, you will derive 

 from this little advantage ; mol-to di md-le ne po-trel)-be se-gui-re, 

 a great deal of evil might be the consequence of it. 



In these two phrases, la Di-o mer-ce ! thank God ! and la Di-o 

 grd-zia, the grace of God, the word di is understood, and in full 

 they run thus : la di Di-o mer-ce, and la di Di-o grd-zia. When, 

 however, Di-o is placed after the words mer-c4 and grd-zia, the 

 case-sign di cannot be omitted : for example, la mer-cd di Di-o, 

 vmd la grd-zia di IX-o.f 



The word di is sometimes a mere expletive : for example, e-gli 

 d{-ce di si, ed i-o di-co di no, he says yes, and I say no ; qud-sto 

 did-vo-lo di que~-sta fe"m-mi-na, that devil of a woman ; quel po- 

 ve-ri-no di mi-o fra-Ul-lo, that poor brother of mine. 



As a last remark on the use of the case-sign di for the present, 

 I shall state that this word, among all the prepositions of the 

 Italian language, is of by far the most extensive use. The 

 reason of this is that di, properly and philosophically speaking, 

 merely expresses the mental separation of ideas or notions, while 

 da indicates a real separation of objects, which distinction con- 

 stitutes the principal and fundamental difference between these 

 two important words di and da. The mere mental separation 

 of ideas or notions may, however, serve any connection and 

 relation between words, ever so loose and general, and no reader, 

 bearing this truth in mind, henceforth need be surprised at 

 meeting, in Italian books and conversations, with frequent sub- 

 stitutions of the case-sign di for many other prepositions : for 

 example, for a : I'-schia u-na i-so-la as-sd-i vi-cl-na di Nd-po-li, 

 Ischia is an island very near to Naples ; for da, as, u-sci-re del-la 

 pri-gio-ne, to go out of or from prison; e-gli di pri-gi6-ne il 

 trds-se, he took him from prison ; for con, as, di gran-dis-si-ma 

 for-za si com-bat-te'-a da cia-scu-na pdr-te, they fought with the 

 greatest energy on each side ; for in, as, i-Q V uc-ci-si di led-le bat- 

 td-glia, I killed him in fair fight ; for per, as, 6-gli pia-gne"-a e di 

 gran pie-td non po-te-a mot-to fd-re, he wept, and on account of 

 his great emotion he could not utter a word. 



It is evident that the variable nature of di will admit of many 

 translations into English : for example, by with, as, so-no con- 

 tSn-to di te, I am satisfied with thee; by at, as, mi ri-do di lui, I 

 laugh at him ; by of, as, mo-rlr di fd-me, to die of hunger ; by as, 

 as, ser-vir di r$-go-la, to serve as a rule ; by for, as, pre-gd-re u-no 



* Which special class of verbs, nouns, and adjectives requires the 

 preposition di before the infinitive mood governed by them, will be ex- 

 plained hereafter. For the present, the above-stated merely general 

 rule will be, I think, sufficient. 



t Some other important omissions of the case-sign di will be ex- 

 plained hereafter. 



di u-na c6-sa, to request one for something ; by than, as, piu di 

 du-e mi-la scudi, more than two thousand crowns. 



In some instances the peculiarity in the use of di may, with- 

 out difficulty or twisting, be explained by ellipsis, particularly 

 when it denotes descent or children : for example, Gtian-nuvl d/i 

 Se-ve-rt-no, Cec-co di Mes-se"-re An-giu-liS-ri, in Boccaccio, where 

 fi-gliu6-lo, child or son, is understood. 



In the following and other exercises the pupil himself must 

 examine whether he is to use before any noun or adjective the 

 article or not, the prepositions di, a, and da only being occa- 

 sionally employed to denote the genitive, dative, and ablative. 

 It is, moreover, to be noted, that the words are placed in the 

 order in which they are to be translated into Italian. I have 

 thought it useful, iu some cases, to denote the pronunciation of 

 the z or zz. I have done so by placing after such words in 

 parenthesis is, thus (ts), when the pronunciation of the z or zz 

 is to be the sharp, hissing one ; and ds, thus (ds), when the pro- 

 nunciation of the z or zz is to be the soft one. 



Abyss, a-lis-so, m. 

 Action, a-zio-ne, f. 

 Air, d-ria, f. 

 And, e. 



And not, e non. 

 Are, so-no. 

 Aunt, zt-o. (ts), f. 

 Beauty, bel-ldz-za (ts), f. 

 Behaviour, aon-ddt- 



fa, f. 

 Belong, ap-par-ten- 



go-no. 



Belongs, ap-par-tiH-ne. 

 Body, coY-po, m. 

 Brother, fra-tSl-lo, m. 

 Child, /an-m't!-lo, m. 

 Colour, co-16-re, m. 

 Commerce, commer- 



cio, m. 

 Countenance, fi-so-no- 



ml-a, f. 



Courage, co-rdg-gio, m. 

 Cousin, cu-gi-na, f. 

 Darkness, o-scu-ri-td, f. 

 Dawn, spun-tar, m. 

 Day, gidr-no, m. 

 Disorder, dis-or'- 



di-ne, m. 



Dress, d-bi-to, m. 

 Error, er-r6-re, m. 

 Exercise, md-to, m. 

 Father, pd-dre, m. 

 Fault, er-r6-re, m. 



VOCABULARY. 



Fertility, fer-ti-li-td, f. 

 Field, cdm-po, m. 

 Garden, giar-di-no, m. 

 Glory, gl<5-ria, f. 

 Happiness, fe-li -ci-td, f . 

 Here are, ec-co. 

 Highest degree, 



cdl-mo, m. 



Interest, in-ter-Ss-se, m. 

 Is, e. 

 Is not here, non e 



qui. 



Is useful, gi6-va. 

 Language, lin-gua, f. 

 Leads, con-du-ce. 

 Legislator, le-gt-sla- 



t6-re, m. 

 Life, m-ta, f. 

 Man, itd-mo, m. ; pi. 



gli u6-mi-ni. 

 Master, pa-drd-ne, m. 

 Mind, d-ni-ma, f. ; spi- 



ri-to, m. 



Mirror, spec-chio, m. 

 Money, da-nd-ro, m. 

 Must always obey, d<2- 



ro-no sem-pre ob-be- 



di'-re. 



Night, ndt-te, f. 

 Ornament, or-na- 



mc'n-to, m. 



Palace, pa-ldz-zo (ts),m. 

 Parents, ge-ni-t6-ri, pi. 



Perfection, per-fe- 



zio-ne, f. 



Physician, m^-di-co, m. 

 Pleasure, pia-ce-re, m. 

 Practice, es-er-ci-zw, m. 

 Prince, prin-ci-pe, m. 

 Rainbow, ar-co-ba- 



le'-no, m. 



Eeturn, ri-tdr-no, m. 

 Eising, Ze-nar, m. 

 Room, cd-me-ra, f. 

 Says, di-be. 

 Sense, scn-so, m. 

 Shortens, ac-cdr-cio. 

 Sister, so-rel-la, f. 

 Soldier, sol-dd-to, m. 

 Soul, d-ni-ma, f. 

 Spring, pri-ma-ue-ra, f . 

 Sun, s6-le, m. 

 Tells, Al-ce. 

 Temperance, tem-pe- 



rdn-za, f . 

 Three motives, tre mo- 



ti-vi, pi. 



Tranquillity, quie-te, f . 

 Treasure, le-sd-ro, m. 

 True, vi-ro. 

 Uncle, zi-o (ts), m. 

 Usage, il-so, m. 

 "Warmth, ca-ld-re, m. 

 Will, uo-lon-td, f. 

 Wise man,s<i-ino,in.[m. 

 Young man, gi6-va-n, 



EXERCISE 3. 



1. The rising of the sun. 2. The dawn of the day. 3. The 

 return of spring. 4. The warmth of the air. 5. The beauty of 

 the flower. 6. The darkness of the night. 7. The abyss of 

 error. 8. The fertility of the fields. 9. The colours of the rain- 

 bow. 10. The senses of man. 11. The faults of young men. 12, 

 Money is the soul of commerce. 13. Usage is the legislator of 

 languages. 14. The master of the garden is not here. 15. The 

 palace belongs to the prince. 16. Here are the rooms of the 

 uncle. 17. The dresses belong to the cousin, and not to the 

 aunt. 18. The brother tells the sister the will of the father. 

 19. The children must always obey the parents. 20. The 

 physicians say, the disorder shortens life. 21. Exercise ie 

 useful to the body and to the mind. 22. The countenance is 

 the mirror of the soul. 23. Tranquillity of mind is the highest 

 degree of happiness. 24. Temperance ia the treasure of the 

 wise man. 25. The true ornament of the soldier is courage. 

 26. Practice leads to perfection. 27. Interest, pleasure, and 

 glory are the three motives of the actions and of the beha- 

 viour of men. 



KEY TO EXERCISES IN LESSONS IN ITALIAN. XI. 



EXERCISE 1. 



1. The cloth. 2. Of the knife. 3. To the plate. 4. From the 

 salt. 5. The aliments. 6. From the courtyards. 7. To the cooks. 

 8. From the dreams. 9. In theatre. 10. In the brook. 11. In tha 

 lungs. 12. With money. 13. With the pocket-handkerchief. 14. 

 With the hats. 15. For pleasure. 16. For the cloak. 17. For the 



