LESSONS IN FEENCH. 



110 



This classification WM objected to on the ground that we had 

 no ritfht to say that thero were no fossilH in the Motamorphic 

 rocks because as yet wo had found none; und, therefore, i 



. (lu'low life) was substituted : ami, 



was impossible to draw tho line of demarcation between the 



Mesozoic period and tho Palaeozoic on the one hand, or the 



.-io on the other, tho Mesozoio and tho Cainozoio woro 



inchnli'.l in the term Neo*o\c, or new life. Hence the division 



now stands 



/ Permian. 



(An- ) Carboniferous. 

 . . i Devonian. 



' Sih. 



B * U>IC I Metamorphic. 



Our illustration shows an ideal forest of the Carboniferous 

 period, when the coal deposits were formed. 



LESSONS IN FRENCH. LV. 



27. BULKS ON THE USB OF THE NUMERAL ADJECTIVES. 



(1.) IN speaking of the days of the month, the French use 

 the cardinal, not the ordinal numbers, except, however, for the 

 first, which is expressed by premier : 



le premier juin, the first of June. 



le deux mare, the second of March. 



le dix-sept avril, the seventeenth of April. 



The opening of the States-general 

 took place on the fifth of Mai/, 1789. 



L'ouverturo des Gtats-gdutSruux 

 eut lieu le cinq mai, 1789. 



THIERS. 



(2.) The cardinal numbers are also employed in speaking of 

 sovereigns and princes, except the first, which is expressed by 

 premier without article : 



Henry Hie First. 

 Charles the Tenth. 

 Lewis J/MJ Eighteenth. 

 Lewis the Eleventh was thirty- 

 eight yean old, when he ascended 

 the throne. 



The death of Gregory the Seventh 



did not extinguish the fire which he 

 had kindled. 



Henri premier, 

 Charles diz, 

 Louis d'uc-huit, 



Louis 011:0 avait trente-huit tins, 

 quand il monta sur le trone. 



ANQUETIL. 



La mort de Gregoire sept n'dtci- 

 gnit pas ie feu qu'il avait allumd. 

 VOLTAIRE. 



(3.) In speaking of Charles the Fifth, Emperor of Germany 

 and King of Spain, and of the Pope Sixtns the Fifth, the word 

 quint, fifth, is used : 



Charles-quint, Charles the Fifth. 



Sixte-quint, Sixtus the Fifth. 



28. NUMERAL NOUNS. 

 (1.) The numeral nouns in use in French are : 



unite", 



couple, paire, 



trio, 



demi -douzaiae, 



buitaine, 



neuvaine, 



dizaino, 

 douzaiue, 



viugtaiue, 



unit. 



couple, pair. 



trio, three. 



half-dozen. 



eight days. 



nine (nine days 



of prayer), 

 ten, half a score. 

 dozen. 



fifteen, fortnight, 

 score, twenty. 



trentaine, thirty, 



quarantaine, two score, 



cinquautaine, fifty. 



soixautaine, sixty, 



uue ceutaine, a hundred, 

 deui centaines, etc. two hundred, 



un iiiillii-r. one thousand, 

 deux nrilliers, 

 une myriade, 



un million, 



f ico thousand, 

 a myriad. 



a inilliun. 





(2.) The termination aine, when added to words of number, 

 is equivalent to the English some, in cases like the following : 



I have some twenty books, i.e., about twenty books, J'at une 

 vingtaine de livres. 



29. FRACTIONAL NUMERALS. 



II ii <iuort, one quarter. deux cinquiemes, two fifths. 

 trois quarts, three quarters. uu sixiuuie, etc. one sixth, etc. 

 le tiers, th third. un dixuTne, etc. one 'tenth, etc. 

 deux tiers, two thirds. un centiume, one hundredth. 

 la moitic, the half. un milliume, one thousandth. 

 un ciuquiome, one fifth. 



(I.) It will be seen that, with the exception of tiers, quart, 

 and moiti6, these numbers are nothing but the ordinal adjec- 

 tives. They may, therefore, take the mark of the plural when 

 necessary. 



(2.) The word demi, when used adjectivuly and preceding th 

 noun, is invariable, and is joined to it by a hyphen : 



une demi-houre, f. half an Iviur. 



une domi-hvrf. f. huf/a powuL 



(3.) When coming after tho noun to denote an additional 

 half, it agrees in gender with the noun : 



uue beure et dtmie, one hour and a hi'f. 



une livre et demi, one pound and a hot/. 



(4.) When used snbstautivoly, demi may take the form of 

 the plural : 



Cetto horloge sonae lea benres I Thu clock utriiea lh* hour* and Ike 

 et les demies. | ha'/-hours. 



30. ORDINAL ADVEEBS. 



(1.) Ordinal adverbs are formed from ordinal adjectives by 

 adding ment to the latter: premierement and secondement 

 being formed from premiere and seconde, tho feminine of 

 premier and second : 



neuvicmeineut, 



dix-septiumement, 



viiigticmeiueut, 



premierement, 



uuicmemeut, 



deuxiememeut, 



secondement, 



troisiememeut, 



quatricmemeut, 



ciuquiumemeut, 



sixiememeut, 



) first ; in h 

 ) first place. 



sevcnteenUilj. 

 twentieth. 



Tingt et uiiivme- 

 ment, 



vingt deuxieme- 

 meut, 



etc., etc. 



txeniy-jirtt. 

 twenty-second, 



thirdly, 

 fourthly, 

 fifthly, 

 sixthly. 



(2.) Premierement is only used by itself ; uniemement is only 

 employed in composition with vingt, trente, quarante, etc. 

 Secondement is only used by itself ; but deuxiemement is used 

 both by itself and in composition with vingt, trente, etc. 



(3.) Hyphens are employed with ordinal adverbs in the same 

 cases as with numeral adjectives. [See 25 (2), and 26 (6).] 



(4.) Instead of the adverbs mentioned above, a Latin form : 

 prime, secundo, tertio, quarto, etc., etc., is also frequently 

 used. 



31. INDEFINITE ADJECTIVES. 



(1.) The indefinite adjectives are used when anything is to 

 be represented or referred to in a general or indefinite manner. 

 They are : 



plusieurs, 



quantes, 



quel, 



quelcouque, 



quelque, 



tol, 



tout, 



not any, not one. 



other. 



certain. 



every, each. 



many. 



same. 



no. 



such. 



Mean, 



autre, 



certain, 



chaque, 



maiut, 



rue me, 



nul, 



pareil, 



(2.) Aucun, f. aucune, is generally followed by a noun, with 

 which it must agree. It requires ne before the verb : 



several. 



every. 



what. 



tchaferer. 



some. 



such. 



all. 



aucun homme, no man; 



.ducun chemin de flours ne con- 

 duit a la gloire. LA FONTAINE. 



On ineprise tous ceux qui n'ont 

 aucune vertu. 



LA ROCHEFOUCAULD. 



(3.) Aucun is by some French authors sometimes nse4 in the 

 plural : 



aucune femme, HO woman. 

 No fiowery path leads to glory. 



-411 those who have no virtue art 

 despised. 



Tht'j can bear no legitimate domi- 

 nion, set no bounds to their cri'mts. 



Ils no peuvent souffrir aucun 

 empire It-gitiiue, ue mettent au- 

 cunes borucs a leurs atteutats. 



MONTESQULEU. 



(4.) Autre, other, is common gender, and may take the mark 

 of the plural. It is also used substantively with or without a 

 reference to a noun : 



J'oi ucheto uu autre cheval. 



Voici le premier volume de votre 

 bistoire d'Augleterro, oil sout les 

 deux autres / 



(5.) Certain, f. certaine, is in this sense always, plaopa be- 

 fore its noun : 



Certain renard ... I Certain fox . . . 



LA FONTAINE. | 



(6.) Chaque is of both genders, and is used only in the 

 singular. It always precedes the noun, and should uav.ec be 

 used without one : 



I have bought another hors^... 



Here is the jirtt coiuine of your 

 English history, where are the, tir<> 

 others t 



