116 



THE POPULAR EDUCATOR. 



Chaque age a ses plaisirs, chaqu Every age has its pleasures, every 

 etat a ses charmes. DELILLE. situation it* charms. 



(7.) Maint, f. mainte, familiar expression ; may be used in 

 the singular or in the plural, and repeated before its noun : 



Je 1'ai dit mainfe fois. 

 Maints et maints travaux. 



I said it many a time. 

 Very many worts. 



(8.) Meme, placed before the noun, has the sense of same, in 

 English. Placed after the noun it means, generally, himself, 

 herself, itself, or themselves. It is sometimes used as an adverb, 

 when it may be rendered by the word even. As an adjec- 

 tive, meme is common gender, but may take the mark of the 

 plural : 



c'est la vertu meme. ) 

 it is virtue itself. ) 



The peoj le and the great have 

 neither the same virtues nor the 

 same vices. 



He gave him even his clothes. 



c'est la mame v 

 it is the same v 



rertu ) 

 irtue ) 



Le peuple et les grands n'ont ni 

 lea mmes vertns, ni les m<jmes 

 vices. VAUVENARGUES. 



II lui donna meme ses habits. 



(9.) Nul is a stronger negative than aucun. It agrees in 

 gender and number with the noun which it qualifies. Like 

 aucun, it requires ne before the verb : 



Jful hotnme u'est henreux ; nutte 

 chose ne pout le rendre tel. 



BOISTE. 



A'tille paix pour 1'impie ; il la 

 cherche, elle le fuit. EACINE. 



No man is happy; nothing can 

 render Kim so. 



No peace for the impious ; he seeks 

 it, it avoids him. 



(10.) Nul is sometimes used absolutely in the sense of no 

 one : 



Nul n'est content de sa fortune, 

 ni inocoutent de son esprit. 



MME. DESHOULIEKES. 



No one is pleased with his fortune, 

 nor displeased with his own wit. 



Note. Nul modifies its meaning according as it precedes or follows 

 its noun. See 84 (14). 



(11.) Plusieurs is common gender, and always in the 

 plural: 



There must necessarily be several 

 reasons for ennui, when all agree in 

 yawning. 



II faut bien qu'il y ait plusieurs 

 raisons d'ennui, quand tout le 

 monde est d'accord pour bailler. 

 FLOEIAN. 



Flusieurs may be used as a pronoun with or without re- 

 ference to a noun : 



II n'a qu'un frere, mais moi j'en ai He has but a brother, but I have 



plusieurs. several. 



Plusieu: s 1'ont cru. Many believed it. 



(12.) Pareil, f. pareille, is chiefly used in exclamatory sen- 

 tences : 



Comment a-t-il pu commettre une Hout could he commit such a fault f 

 faute pareille f 



(13.) Quantes is only used in the feminine plural with the 

 word fois : 



Toutes et quantes fois, or toutes Eveyj time, whenever. 

 fois et qua iiti'-. 



(14.) Quel, f. quelle, takes the gender and number of the 

 noun to which it relates. It is sometimes immediately followed 

 by its noun, from which it may be separated by one or several 

 words : 



Quel tableau ravissant presen- 

 teut les campagnes ! DELILLE. 



Qi<lle invisible force a soumis 

 1'univers ! L. EACINE. 



Quels sons bnrmonieux, quels efforts 



ravissants, 

 De la reconnaissance egalont les 



accents ! 



TFhat a delightful picture the 

 country offers ! 



What invisible hand has conquered 

 the universe / 



What harmonious sounds, what 

 ravishing strains, equal the voice of 

 gratit'ide! 



(15.) Quelconque is always placed after the noun, and varies 

 only for the plural : 



Toutes les jouissances sont pre 1 - 

 c<5d^es d'uu travail quelconque. 



MME. CAMPAN. 



Deux points quelconqites i ! fcant 

 douuos . . . THE ACADEMY. 



.411 enjoyments ore preceded by 

 some sort of exertion. 



Two point* whatsoever being 

 given ... . 



(16.) Quelque in the sense of some (a certain number), or 

 whatever, agrees in number with the noun : 



II y a du merite sans elevation, 

 mais il n'y a point d'elevation sans 

 quelque me'rite. 



LA ROCHEFOUCAULD. 

 Quelques vaius lauriers que pro- 



mette la guerre, 

 On peut etre heros sans ravager 



la terre. BOILEAU. 



But when whatever precedes a noun subject of the verb to be, 

 it is expressed in French by two words, viz., quel, which agrees 

 in gender and number with the noun, and the conjunction que ; 

 in this case the verb is used in the subjunctive, and placed be- 

 fore its subject : 



There is merit without elevation, 

 but there is no elevation without 

 some merit. 



Whatever vain laurels war mail 

 promise, one may be a hero without 

 ravaging the earth. 



Quels que soient ses projets. 

 Quelle que soit votre intention. 



Whatever his projects may be. 

 Whatever your intention may be. 



(17.) Quelque used adverbially, in the sense of abo-ntf or some 

 or Jwwever, is invariable : 



Quel age avez-vous ? Vous avez 

 bou visage ! Eh ! quelque soixante 

 ans. EACINE, les Plaideurs. 



Alexandre perdit quelqtie trois 

 cents homines, quaud il vainquit 

 Porus. D'ABLANCOUKT. 



Quelque mediants que soient les 

 hommes, ils n'oseraient paraitre 

 euuemis de la vertu. 



LA ROCHEFOUCAULD. 



How old are you f You look well. 

 Oh ! some sixty years. 



.Alexander lost some three hundred 

 men when he vanquished Porus. 



Hotrevcr uncfced men. may be, they 

 do not dare to appear enemies of 

 virtue. 



(18.) Tel, f. telle, agrees with the noun which it qualifies : 



tel livre, such boofc. 

 tels livres, such books. 



telle lettre, such letter, 

 telles lettrea, such letters. 



In reference to persons it is sometimes used as a pronoun : 

 Tel qui rit aujourd'hui ... He who laughs to-day . . . 



(19.) Tout, meaning every, is always in the singular, but 

 varies for the feminine : 



Tout citoyendoit servir son pays; 

 le soldat de son sang, le pretro de 

 son zele. LA MOTTE. 



En toute chose, il faut conside'rer 

 la fin. LA FONTAINE. 



Every citizen should serve his 

 country ; the soldier with his blood, 

 the priest uiith his zeal 



In everything we must consider 

 the end. 



(20.) Tout, in the sense of all, agrees in gender and number 

 with the noun to which it relates : 



toute la toile, all the cloth. 



He IPOS above all those vain objects 

 uiliich form all the desires and all 

 the hopes of men. 



tout 1'argent, alt the money. 

 II etait au-dessus de tous ces 

 vains objets qui ferment fous les 

 desirs et toutes les esperances des 

 hommes. MASSILLON. 



See 94 (5). 



As an adjective, tout loses its final t in the masculine plural, 

 which is tous; but preserves it when it is used substan- 

 tively : 



Pkisieurs touts distincts. Several distinct wholes. 



32. THE PRONOUN. 



(1.) The pronoun, in French, as in other languages, is a 

 word used to represent the noun, in order to prevent its too 

 frequent repetition. 



(2.) The pronoun serves also to designate the parts which 

 each person or thing takes in speech. This part is called 

 person. 



(3.) There are three persons : the first, or that which speaks ; 

 the second, or that spoken to ; the third, or that spoken of. 



(4.) There are five sorts of pronouns : 



The personal ; 

 The possessive ; 



The indefinite. 



The demonstrative ; 

 The relative; 



33. THE PERSONAL PRONOUN. 



(1.) The personal pronouns are so called because they desig- 

 nate the three persons more especially than the other pronouns. 

 These pronouns are : 



