LESSONS IN GREEK. 



123 



Perfect Pint. Stem A-AIMC. 

 l . \I-\V-K-W, I may have 

 J. A-Au-c-n. (looted, etc. 



3. A-AU 



Dual. 2. Ae-Au 

 3. A-Ai 



Perfect Second. 

 i'-w.t / may have ap- 

 \jpeared. 



Flur. 1. A-Au-K- 



2. Af-Au-K- 



3. A-AV-K- 



(Like the Aorist Second. Stem AIW-. 



Present Sub- Siny. 1. AIT-CD, I may have 

 junctive.) -2. AiT-pi, etc. [left. 



(Like <Jw Pres. Subjunctive.) 



OPTATIVE MOOD. 



Future. Stom Au-<r-. 

 \V-<T-OIUI, I would loose, etc. 

 Au-ff-, etc. 



\V-ff- | 



Av-ff- I 



Au-tr- I (Like Vie 



Au-er- 



Aw-tr- 



Au-<r- 



AI/-CT-. Pluperfect 1st. Stom \t-\v-K-. 

 1. Au-cr-ai^i, / 7ni</W have \t-\u-n-otut, I might have 



nt. Stem Au-. 



1. AU-OIJUI, / might loose, etc. 



-OIS. 



'3. AK-OI. 



-' At'-OlTTJ?. 



\u-oirriv. 

 1'lur. 1. AK-oiMf?. 



2. AI/-OIT*. 



2. At-!r-ais or-eiaj. {loosed t etc. Ae-Au-K-ois, etc. 



3. Au-tr-ai* or - 

 Dual. 2. Au-tr-aiTij?. 



3. Au-cr-aiTTji'. 

 Plur. 1. Au-cr-ai/iec. 



2. Au-cr-atTf. 



3. \v-ff-aifv or -tia?. 



Pluperfect 2nd. 

 Sing. 1. irf-(priv-oifjii. 



(Like the 1st Pluperfect.) 



[Joosed. 



A-AU-K- 



\f-\V-K- 



A-Au-/c- 

 A-At/-/c- 



(Like the 

 Optative Present.) 



.Aorisi 2ud. Stem AHT-. 



1. AMT-OJ/U ) (Lite the Op- 



2. Atir-ots \ tative Present.) 



IMPERATIVE MOOD. 



Present. Stem Au-. First Aorist. Stem \v-o~-. 



\v-ff-ov,* loose thou, etc. 

 Au-tr-arw. 

 \v-ff-arov. 

 \v-cr-artav. 



Sing. 2. Au-f, loose thou, etc. 



3. AU-TO>. 



Dual. 2. \v-frov* 



3. \V-fTUV. 



Plur. 2. \v-trt* 



3. \v-trtaffav or -ovruv. 



Perfect First. Stem Ae-Au-K-. 



Stng. 2. A-Au-*-f.* 



3. A-Au-K-eTl>. 



Dual. 2. A-Au-K-tToi'. 



3. Af-Au-K-TW'. 



Piur. 2. Ae-Au-K-fTe. 



3. A-Au-/f-*T&xro' or ovr<av. 



\v-ff-are. 

 \v-ff-a.rtaaai> or -ai'Twi/ 



Perfect Second, 

 irt-tyrjv-f.* 

 (Like ike 1st Perfect.) 



Aorist Second. Stem -A(ir-. 



Sing. 2. Air-e. 

 (Like the Present Imperative.) 



INFINITIVE MOOD. 



Ail-civ, to loose. 

 \v-ff-tiv, to be about to loose. 

 \v-(r-ai, to have loosed. 

 \e-\v-K-fvai, to have loosed. 

 irf-<f>r]-vf-vai, to have appeared. 

 AiTr-eiy, to have left. 



PARTICIPLES. 



AV-OIP, loosing. 

 \v-tr-oiv, about loosing. 

 Au-er-ay, having loosed. 

 \f-Kv-K-us, having loosed. 

 irt-q>T)vu>s, having appeared. 

 \nr-iav, having left. 



The connection of the parts will become obvious if we put 

 the stems together. 



STEMS. 



Present, Imperfect, Future, First Aorist, 

 Au. Aw. Au<r. eAuff. 



Present. 

 Future. 

 First Aorist. 

 Perfect First. 

 Perfect Second. 

 Aorist Second. 



Present. 

 Future. 

 First Aorist. 

 Perfect First. 

 Perfect Second. 

 Aorist Second. 



First Perfect, 

 AcAux. 



First Pluperfect, 

 (\t\vic. 



Second Perfect, 



Second Aorist, 

 eAnr. 



Second Pluperfect, 



flfflpTJV. 



The first thing which the student should do is to make him- 

 self familiar with the stems. Having got the stems, he will 

 easily acquire the rest. 



After he has learnt to recognise the connection and derivation 

 of the several parts, and so formed some idea of the perfect 

 simplicity of the whole, let him commit tho entire paradigm to 



memory; and let him not pan* on until he ha* aocomplinhod 

 the task, and ho will find that the effort will aave a world 

 of trouble. 



It is ouitomary in Greek grammar to give three part* of the 

 verb as the principal parts, or those parta from which the othen 

 may bo formed ; viz., the Present, tho Future, and the Perfect. 

 The connection of the other parta with those three ii shown in 

 tho table of stems given above. This may be seen in t 

 lowing examples rut, I honour /SouAcuco, / advise ; and Aouw, 

 I wash : 



Present. Future. Perfect. 



Ttu, rtffu, rt-rnta. 



/3ouAft/<0, /3ot/A<u<r, 0f-0ovAtuo, 



Aoi/ui, Advert*, A-Aouceu 



Here we have the same parts in their stems : 



Present Stem. Future Stem. Perfect Stem. 



TJ-, riff; Tt-TlK-. 



fiou\fv-, fiou\tvff-, /3<-0ouAu*-. 



Aou-, Aou/r-, Ac-Aoi/x*. 



From these the other parts are readily formed. Take -TUT- aa 

 an example : 



riff: 



rur-ta, rur-otut, riff-fiv, riff-<av, TI<T-O, riff-cuui, rtff-at, rur-at, etc. 



What these parts are the student must learn from the paradigm. 

 He may be assisted in becoming acquainted with the verb in 

 various ways. Let him, with that view, study thia table of 



THE PERSONAL TERMINATIONS OF THE ACTIVE VOICS. 



PRINCIPAL TENSES. 



Singular. Dual. Plural. 



Ind. Pres. and Fut. , -TIS, -i. -erov, -trov. -outv, -trt, -oi/cx 



The Subj . entire. -co, -ps, -TJ. -nrov, -rjrof. -ai/xtc . -Tjr, -ori. 



Ind. Perfect. -a, -c-.s, -c. -arov, -arov. -aue v, -art, -affi. 



HISTORIC TENSES. 



Singular. Dual. Plural. 



Ind. Imperf. -ov, -ts, -. -trov, -fri\v. 'OUfv, -tr, -or. 

 Aorist First, -a, -aj, -6. -artjv, -a.ri\v. -a.fj.fv, -art, -or. 

 Pluperfect. -eir, -s, -ti. -firnv, -SCTTJV. -ttufv, -firt, -furav 



or -tcrav. 



Optative > - 



tut, -it, -i. -ITTJI/, -irijv. 



IKPKRATTVX. 



Singular. Dual. 



tutv, -trf, -tti>. 



Plural. 



Present and Perfect, -e, -T. -erov, -truy. -trf, -trtaffay. 

 Aorist. -ov, -area. -arov, -arwv. -art, -a.rtaffav. 



Observe certain characteristics, and see how they axe pre- 

 served in their several forms. Thus a is the characteristic of 

 the future. Accordingly, a is found in the future indicative, in 

 the future subjunctive, in the future infinitive, and in the future 

 participle. From the future the first aorist is immediately 

 derived, and so the a appears in its forms. In the first aorist 

 forms, however, the a is connected, not with o, but with a, 

 forming aa.. This, then, may be considered as the characteristic 

 of the first aorist ; and this characteristic runs through all the 

 forms of that tense. Thus, when the characteristic of a tense 

 is known, it is easy to ascertain what part of the tense any 

 particular form is, and how it stands connected with other parts 

 of the same stem, as well as with other stems, and with the 

 common root. 



Several of the forms of the verb recur, and they are dis- 

 tinguished in the paradigm by an asterisk. Let the student 

 collect these and compare them together, until he is familiar 

 witL them, assigning each to their several positions in the verb. 

 Thus, Au<ro> is either the first person singular indicative future 

 active, or it is the first person singular of the aorist first sub- 

 junctive. Avcrai occurs three times, as (1) the second person 

 singular imperative aorist first middle, (2) the third person sin- 

 gular optative aorist first ac'ave. and (3) as the infinitive of the 

 first aorist active. 



As an exercise, let the student write out in full, in the active 

 voice, the three verbs, TICO, /3ouAtw, and Aovw, given above. 

 Having written them carefully several times over from the 

 copy, let him write them out from memory, beginning with one 

 tense, then taking two tenses, then three tenses at a time, until 

 he can accomplish the whole. 



Let him also perform, in writing, the ensuing exercises, giving 



