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THE POPULAR EDUCATOR 



which was in French, has been lost. The " Vox Clamantis," or 

 " Voice of One that Crieth " (so called in allusion to St. John the 

 Baptist), is a long poem in Latin, in which, partly under the 

 form of allegory, he sets forth the evils of the time, especially 

 the miseries attendant upon the great rising of the commons, 

 under Wat Tyler, in 1381 ; and protests against the vices and 

 corruptions of the various classes of society. Gower, however, 

 was no friend or follower of Wickliffe. But Gower's most im- 

 portant work, and his latest, is the " Confessio Amantis," or 

 " Lover's Confession," a very long poem in English. Its form 

 is that of a dialogue between the poet and Genius, a minister of 

 Venus, who is assigned by her to receive his confession. The 

 principal part in the dialogue is borne by Genius, the confessor, 

 who lays down a number of moral precepts for the instruction 

 of the penitent lover, and illustrates them by stories taken from 

 all kinds of sources, ancient and modern, sacred and profane. 

 This book thoroughly justifies the title which Chaucer gave 

 to his friend and brother poet, and which was afterwards 

 repeated by a long succession of writers, " Moral Gower." It 

 shows, as all Gower's works do, much cultivation, but little 

 poetical genius ; and to us it is interesting, as showing how 

 far the influence of Chaucer had acted upon his own contem- 

 poraries, rather than very attractive for its own sake. 



Sir John Mandeville tells us that he was a native of St. 

 Albans, and went abroad in the year 1322, on Michaelmas Day. 

 He remained abroad some years, visiting Egypt and a very 

 large part of Asia ; and, after his return, he wrote an account 

 of the countries he had visited. The book is full of the wildest 

 fables ; indeed, it is plain that Mandeville had the true traveller's 

 appetite for wonders, and received and recorded whatever was 

 told him about the countries with which he came in contact. 

 But his accounts of what fell under his own observation are 

 clear and interesting. What he tells about the languages in 

 which he published the. book, and his reasons, is well worth 

 noting, as illustrating the transition which the nation was then 

 passing through in respect of language. " Ye shall undirstande 

 (he says in his prologue) that I have put this boke out of 

 Latin into Frensche, and translated it agen out of Frensche 

 into Englyssch; that every man of my nacioun may undir- 

 stande it." 



The greatest genius, however, and in every respect the most 

 strongly representative writer of this period, was Chaucer. 

 The consideration of his life and works we must postpone to 

 she next lesson. 



LESSONS IN LATIN. XXXIX. 



DEVIATIONS IN THE THIRD CONJUGATION (continued). 

 2. Perfect in -ui ; Supine in -TUJI, -iTUM, -SUM. 



i. Alo, alere, alui, altum, to nourish. 



ii. Colo, colere, colui, cultum, to cultivate, honour. 



iii. Consulo, consulere, consului, consultum, to consult ; with 

 ace., to take the advice of any one ; with dative, to care for any 

 one. 



iv. Occulo, occulere, occului, occultum, to hide. 



v. Eapio, rapere, rapui, raptum, to carry off by force, snatch, 

 seize; compounds are in ripio, as corripio, corripere, corripui, 

 correptum, to seize quickly. 



vi. Sero, serere, serui, sertum, to put in rows, set. 



vii. Depso, depsere, depsui, depstum, to knead. 



viii. Texo, texere, texui, textum, to weave (E. R. texture). 



ix. Curnbo, cumbere, cubui, cubitum. to lie along. The simple 

 word is out of use ; instead, employ the compounds, as discum- 

 bere, to lie down. 



x. Elicio, elicere, elicut, elicitum, to entice out (E. R. etioit). 



xi. Fremo, fremere, fremui, fremitum, to rage. 



xii. Gemo, gemere, gemui, gemitum, to groan. 



xiii. Gigno, gignere, genui, gemtum, to beget. 



xiv. Molo, molere, molui, molitum, to grind. 



xv. Pinso, pinsere, pinsui, pinsitum (and pinsum), to bray, 

 pound. 



xvi. Pono, ponere, posui, positum, to place. 



xvii. Vomo, vomore, vomui, vomitum, to spew. 



xviii. Frendo, frendere, frendui, fresum or fressum ; to grind or 

 gnash the teeth. 



xix. Meto, metere, messui, messum, to moiv. 



Several verbs, having the perfect in ui, want the supine, as 



tremere, to tremble; excellere, to be high, to surpass (excelsus, 

 lofty, is used as an adjective); and the other compounds of the 

 obsolete cellere, connected with celsus, high; percello has per- 

 culi and perculsi, perculsum, to shake. 



VOCABULARY. 



EXERCISE 147. LATIN-ENGLISH. 



1. In omnibus negotiis, priusquam aggrediare, consulto opus est ; 

 ubi autem consulueris, mature rem ipsam aggredSre. 2. Socrates 

 supremo vitae die rnulta de immortalitate disseruit. 3. Manibus con- 

 sertis, milites nostri fortitudine excelluerunt. 4. Animus movet id 

 corpus cui est prsepositus. 5. Zeno in una virtute beatam vitam 

 posuit. 6. Natura ingenuit homini cupiditatem verum inveniendi. 7. 

 Omnibus aniinalibus a natura ingenitus est amor sui. 8. Alexander, 

 victor tot regum atque populorum, irse succubuit. 9. Spero te semper 

 maximo studio in literas incubitururn esse. 10. Coerimonias sepul- 

 chrorum homines, maxirnis ingeniis preediti, coluerunt; heerebat in 

 eorum mentibus mortem non interitum esse omuia delentem, sed quon- 

 dam quasi migrationem vitse. 



EXERCISE 148. ENGLISH-LATIN. 



1. Hast thou consulted thy father ? 2. Take care of thy children. 

 3. When they have well consulted, they may approach the business 

 (res). 4. The soldiers joined hands (came to close fight). 5. Which of 

 the soldiers excelled iu the fight ? 6. God has set the mind over the 

 body. 7. By wise men, life is placed in virtue alone. 8. I place 

 happiness in the love of God. 9. Hast thou a desire for (of) finding 

 truth ? 10. Nature has produced (ingignere) such a desire in all minds. 

 11. The love of self is born in the rich and in the poor. 12. Thy brothers 

 yielded to anger, and, coming to close quarters, fought. 13. My 

 father will advance to besiege the city. 14. The forces have advanced, 

 and are pillaging the houses. 



The verb colo may serve as a subject for illustrating the 

 natural growth and expansion of words. In Latin, as in all 

 languages, words originally denoted material objects and their 

 operations. Hence we learn that civilisation began at the 

 lowest end of its scale. Colo, the root of which is found in 

 the Greek, as in the term bucolics, or songs on rural topics, has 

 reference primarily to the operations of husbandmen. It is a 

 word belonging to the farm, and relates generally to the care 

 and labour bestowed on it. Accordingly, it (culture) is found 

 in the compound term agriculture, or field-tilling. In general, 

 then, colere has for its primitive meaning the idea of working 

 or tilling the land a farm, a field, a garden. But those who 

 till the land, live on the land ; and so colere came to mean to 

 occupy the land, to dwell in the country ; and, in a wider sense, 

 to dwell generally. Care is another idea involved in agriculture. 

 Consequently, colere means to care for. But you may care for a 

 person as well as for a thing ; and you show your care for a 

 person by attention, by love, by respoct : the highest attention 

 rises into homage, and even worship ; and thus colere, which in 

 its birth signifies to till a piece of ground, in its full develop- 

 ment signifies to adore the Almighty. After this verbal gene- 

 alogy, let no one suppose that words have but one meaning. 

 Every v >rd has a root-meaning, and that root-meaning may, 

 with care and skill, be traced in all its secondary applications. 

 But those applications are various and numerous. I shall give 

 instances of the several applications of the verb colo, leaving 

 you to translate them with the aid of a vocabulary. 



APPLICATIONS OF "COLO." 



1. To till : 



" Villicus agri colendi causa est constitutus." Varro. 

 " Agri non omnes frugiferi sunt qui coluntur." Cicero. 



2. To inhabit : 



" Urbem, mi Eufe, cole et in ista luee vive." Cicero. 



