166 



THE POPULAR EDUCATOE. 



38. KrEMAEKS ON THK DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS. 



(1.) The demonstrative pronouns celui, celle, etc., assume the 

 gender and number of the nouns which they represent : 



Je ne couuais d'avarice permise 

 que eette du temps. 



STANISLAS LECZINSKT. 



Les seules louanges que le coeur 

 doune, sout celles que la bonte 

 a'attire. MASSILLON. 



Methinks no avarice is allowable 

 unless it be that of time. 



The only praises which the heart 

 gives are those which goodness de- 

 serves. 



(2.) These pronouns are sometimes used absolutely before 

 qui, que, dont, etc., in the same manner as the English per- 

 sonal pronouns, he, they, etc., before who, whom, etc. : 



Celui qui rend un service doit 

 1'oublier, Celui qui le re9oit, s'en 

 souvenir. BABTHELEMY. 



Aiuier C6UX qui vous ha'issent, 

 C6UX qui vous persecutent, c'est 

 la charite' du chre'tien, c'est 1'es- 

 prit da la religion. BOUEDALOUE. 



He iaho renders a service should 

 forget it; he who receives it should 

 remember it. 



To love tliose who hate you, those 

 who persecute you, is the charity of 

 tlie Christian ; it is the spirit of re- 

 ligion. 



(3.) Celui-ci, celle-ci, etc., celui-la, celle-la, are used when it 

 is desirable to denote the comparative proximity or remoteness 

 expressed in English by the words this and that : 



celui-ci, this one. 



celui-la, that one. 



(4.) Celui-ci, celui-la, etc., are often used to express contrast 

 or comparison. They are then equivalent to the English ex- 

 pressions, the former, the latter ; this one, that one : 



Un magistral integre et un 

 brave offlcier sont egaloment esti- 

 mables: celui-la fait la guerre 

 aux ci.uoDiis doinestiques, celui- 

 Ci nous protege centre les ennemis 

 exteVieurs. GIBAULT-DUVIVIEB. 

 Tel est 1'avautage orrlinaire 

 Qu'ont sur la beautl les talents : 

 Ceux-ci plaisent dans tons les 



temps ; 

 Celle-la n'a qu'un temps pour 



plaire. VOLTAIEE. 



(5.) Ceci, cela, have no plural, and are used only of things. 

 They do not refer to a word expressed before, but serve to 

 point out objects : 



An upright magistrate and a brave 

 officer are equally estimable : the 

 former malces war against domestic 

 enemies, the latter protects us against 

 foreign enemies. 



Such is the ordinary advantage 

 which talents possess over beauty : 

 the former please at all times ; the 

 latter has but one time to please. 



preuez ceci, take this. 

 J'ai deja dit ce qu'il faut faire, 

 quand un enfant veut avoir ceci et 

 ceJa. J. J. ROUSSEAU. 



donnez-moi celo, give me that. 



I have already said what should be 

 done whtn a child will have this and 

 that. 



(6 ) Ce, a pronoun, must not be confounded with the demon- 

 strative adjective ce. The pronoun ce is often used without an 

 .antecedent, as the nominative of the verb etre, in the same 

 manner as the English pronoun it : 



c'est moi, it is I. 

 Ce n'est plus le jouet d'une flamme 



servile. 

 C'est Pyrrhus, c'est le fils et le 



rival d'Acbille. RACINE. 



c'est vous, it is you. 



It is no longer the sport of an un- 

 worthy love. 



It is Pyrrhus ; it is the son and 

 the rival of Achilles. 



For particular rules on this pronoun, see 104. 



39. EELATIVE PRONOUNS. 



(1.) The relative pronouns are so named on account of the 

 intimate relation which they have to a nonn or pronoun which 

 precedes, and of which they recall the idea. The noun or 

 pronoun so preceding the relative pronoun is called the ante- 

 cedent. 



(2.) TABLE OF THE RELATIVE PRONOUNS. 

 qui, who, which, that (subject) de qui, of, from 



whom ; 



que, whom, which, that (direct object) dont, of, from 



whom; which; 

 a qui, to whom (indirect object, dative) . 

 lequel, who, which ; composed of the article and quel. 

 Singular. Plural. 



Masculine. Feminine. Masculine. Feminine. 



lequel, laquelle, ksquels, lesquelles, who, which ; 



duquel, de laquelle, desquels, desquelles, of, from which ; 

 anquel, a laquelle, auxquels, auxquelles, to which. 



Regime indi- 

 rect, genitive 

 and ablative. 



y, to him, to her, to it, to them, etc. 

 en, of him, of her, of it, of them, etc. 

 quoi, what, which, why, etc. 

 oil, in which, therein, through which, etc. 



40. REMARKS ON THE RELATIVE PRONOUNS. 



(1.) Qui, who, which, is used as subject for both genders and 

 numbers, for persons and for things. (See No. 6 of this .) 



(2.) When used for things, qui cannot be preceded by a pre- 

 position, but it can be so used in reference to persons. 



(3.) It is used relatively and absolutely. 



(4.) It is used relatively when it has an antecedent from 

 which it must not be separated by a noun : 



Le premier gut fut roi, fut un 

 pere adord. AUBEET. 



I/amour avidement croit tout 

 ce qui le flatte. RACINE. 



L'homme en qui vous mettez 

 votre confiance. 



The first who became king, was an 

 adored father. 



Love believes eagerly all that flat- 

 ters it. 



The man in whom you place your 

 confidence. 



(5.) It may be used absolutely, i.e., without antecedent, in 

 affirmative, negative, or interrogative sentences, and in this 

 case as subject, and as direct or indirect object, but only in 

 reference to persons. It is then rendered in English by : he 

 who, he whom, him who, him whom, whoever, whomsoever, who, 

 whom : 



Qui vent parlor sur tout, sou- 

 vent parle au hasard. ANDBIEUX. 

 Je sais de qui elle veut parlev. 



Elle e'pousera qui elle voudra. 



A qui (5crivez-vous ? 

 II sait a qui vous e'crivez. 

 Qui parle ? wlio speaks ? 



Who (he who) inishes to speak on 

 every subject, speaks often at random. 



I know of whom she wishes to 

 speak. 



She shall marry whomsoever sht 

 likes. 



To whom are you writing ? 



He knows to wliom you write. 

 Qui voyez-vous ? wiiom do you see? 



(6.) Que, ivhom, what, which, stands generally as direct 

 object. This pronoun is used for persons and things. It is of 

 both genders and numbers : 



les lettres que j'ai, 



les homines que j'ai vus, 



the letters which I have, 

 the men whom I have seen. 



(7.) It is relative when it has an antecedent, from which it 

 must not be separated : 



Glory lends a charm to the horrors 

 which we face. 



Of the laws which we follow, the 

 first is honour. 



La gloire prete un charme aux 

 horreurs qu'ou affronte. 



DELAVIGNE. 



DCS lois que nous suivous, la 

 premiere est 1'honneur. 



VOLTAIEE. 



(8.) It is absolute when it has no antecedent. In this sense 

 it is only used in reference to inanimate objects, and means 

 what thing ? what ? 



que voulez-vous ? what will you (have) ? 



que dit-on ? what do people say 1 



(9.) Quoi, what, is invariable, and said only of things. It 

 may be used absolutely and relatively, with or without prepo- 

 sition : 

 j 'ignore ce & quoi il pense, I am ignorant of what he thinks. 



In the above sentence it is relative, being preceded by its 

 antecedent ce. 



il ne sait quoi dire, Tie does not fcnov what to say. 



(10.) Quoi, when absolute, means what thing? and is used 

 mostly in interrogative and doubtful sentences : 



II y a dans cette affaire je ne 

 sais quoi, que je n'entends pas. 



L'ACADKMIE. 



II y avait je ne sais quoi dans 

 ses yens pedants, qui me faisait 

 peur. FENELON. 



There is in that affair I know not 

 what, which I do not understand. 



There was I know not what in his 

 piercing eyes, which inspired me with 

 fear. 



(11.) Dont, of whom, of which, whose, is used for both gen- 

 ders and numbers, for persons and for things. It is always 

 employed relatively, and, therefore, always refers to an ante- 

 cedent : 



Un plaisir dont on est assure 1 

 de se repentir ne peut jamais etre 

 tranquille. 



MME. DE LA VALLIEBE. 



A pleasure of which we are sure to 

 repent, can never be a peaceful one. 



