LESSONS IN FBI 



II fnut plalndre le tort du 

 /'.riiiin 1 . dont le occur 

 i iiiumts panl:i!i'-. 



C'UkMlEU. 



We miut pity tA*/ut* of tht un- 

 fortunate jirmf*. \chon hardened 

 /Mart hat never forgiven. 



Domt in used instead of de qui, of whom ; par lequel, 

 ri'/iu-/i; duquel. of which; de quoi, <>/ what, etc 

 ay be separated from iU anteoedent : 



une a qul TOUB parliez, 

 clout vous ave* vu le marl 



T/i lujy to ichom you were speak- 

 ing, and trho htuband you *au> 

 yesterday . . . 



An interrogative sentence cannot bo introduced by 

 When whose introduces an interrogative sentence, it is 

 (pressed in French by de qui, and when absolute possession is 

 it, by a qul : 



Whott ton it hi f 

 Whose house u that J 



De qul cst-il flla ? 



A qul cat cuttu luaison ? 



(14.) Lequel, lesquels, laquelle, lesquelles, who, which, should 

 instead of qui or que, when the latter should be sepa- 

 >m their antecedent by a noun, in order to avoid ambi- 

 aity. Thoy may relate to persons or things : 



C'eut uu eflet de la divine Provi- 

 oquel attire 1'adiniration 

 tout lo mouJe. 



BUSSI-BABUTIN. 



It u a provision of divine Provi- 

 dtncc, which (provision) attracts the 

 admiration of every one. 



(15.) Lequel, preceded by a preposition that is, dnquel, 

 .quel, dans lequel, etc., must always be used in reference 

 inanimate objects, and never qui, as has been mentioned 



qu 

 kl 



Un livre curieux serait celui 

 dans lequel on ne trouverait pas 

 un mcnsonge. NAPOLEON. 



I.. i Soiue, dans le lit de la- 



.elle viennent se Jeter 1'Youue, 



Marue et 1'Oiae. 



That would le a curious boolc in 

 which not a falsehood wire found. 



The Seine, into th bed of which 

 the Yonne, the Manic, and the Oise 

 empty themselves. 



: 



(16.) Lequel, in all its modifications, may be used in refer- 

 ence to persons and things : 



lequel ? tchich one f 



lequel voyoz-vous ? 

 C'est une de ses scaurs, mais je 



pas laquelle. 



Voici deux roinaus, choisis 16- 

 .el tu voudras. 



duquel ? of tchich one ? 

 which one do you see / 

 It is one of his sisters, but I do not 

 /ciioic which. 



Here are tioo novels, choose which 

 you please. 



(17.) En, of him, of lier, of it, of them. This pronoun is of 

 both genders and numbers. It is often used for the English 

 words some, any, when employed absolutely, or even when un- 

 derstood ; as indirect object in relation to things, and some- 

 times, but not often, in relation to persons [ 89 (2)], instead of 

 personal pronouns de lui, d'elle, d'eux, d'elles. This pro- 

 n must be placed before the verb when the latter is followed 

 iy a numeral adjective, an adverb of quantity, or a noun of 

 uantity, whenever those words are not followed by a noun. 

 100, Rule 1.] 



A-t-il de 1' argent BUT lui ? 



Oui, il en a. 



II n'en a pas. 



Avez-vous desamis? Oui.j'enai. 



Vous en parlez, you speak of it. 



La fortune a son prix : I'impru- 



nt en abuse, 



L'hypocrite en me'dit, et 1'hou- 

 nete homme en use. DELUXE. 



Lea li mites des sciences sont 

 co mine 1'horizon ; plus on en ap- 

 procbe, plus elles reculent. 



MMB. NECKER. 



La vie eat un depot confiiS par 

 le ciel ; 



User en disposer, c'est tre cri- 

 minel. QBESSET. 



II a deux fri-ros, moi j'en ai 



ois. 



II a de 1'argent, mais il n'en a 

 i beaucoup. 



Combien de bouteilles de vin 

 roulez-vous ? 



J'en veux uue douzaine. 



Hot he any money about htm f 



Yes, he has some. 



He has none. 



Have you friends f Yet, I have. 



J'en ai, I have some. 



Fortune has its worth : the impru- 

 dent abuM it, the hypocrifn speaks 

 evil of it, and the worthy man usts 

 it. 



The limits of science are life* the 

 horizon, the more we approach (them), 

 the more they recede. 



Life is a trust confided by heacen ; 

 to dar* to dispOM of it is a crime. 



He has two brother*, I have three. 



H has money, but he has not 

 much. 



How many bottles of win* will you 



/HIM' .' 



I want a doxn. 



(18.) 7, to Mm, to her, to it, to them, thereto, eta. This rela- 

 tive pronoun, of both gender* and number*. U used instead of 

 & lui, d elU, en Lui, etc., in reference to thing*, oroetttna*) but 

 ran ly in reference to persona, and also adverbially in UM M0M 

 of there. 



J'y penae, IlWko/it. 



J'ai connu le malheur, et j'y 

 Mi* compatir. OUICMABD. 



N'y aongeou* pliu, cher I'aulin ; 



pill* j'y pUM, 



Flu* jo Mas chauceler ma emcD* 



coutanoe. UACINC. 



Vous avet peu de bleu*; joi- 

 gnez-y ma fortune. Do RAT. 



En quelque pay* que j'oie <W, 

 j'y ai v4cu comoio >i j'eiuee du 

 y po*ser ma vie. MoxTKsqciKU. 



Je couuoia cet homme, je ne 

 m'y fle pa*. 



J> dona* BM aoiM. J a*>U y 

 Mnd 



I IMM tom mitfortwu, em4 3 

 M ympoUiM witk a. 



Ltt tkink no more of tkit, Wr 

 Paul.n; UM lonytr I tkink of it, 

 tin more J /M( My enul 



yu UM but UUb property; jofe 

 My fortune to it. 



In vcKatettr eoMiUry I heiM UMI, 

 I lived (Hurt) at if J MU U *pfnd 

 my life i* U. 



I know that num. I do not (met 



AIM. 



(19.) The pronouns en and y* may be ued to avoid the re- 



petition of any personal pronoun : 



Je parle souvent de toi, mail j'y 



pense encore plu. 

 Ello ne pense guere a moi, et ello 



en parle rarement. 



I often q>Mlc, and *tiU more o/U 



UiinJc of you. 

 She thinks and *pdt* but Tartly of 



me. 



(20.) Ou, in which, through which, during which, etc. ThU 

 pronoun is used in reference to place and time, and never 

 applied to persons. It is common gender and number, and 

 may be replaced by lequel, laquelle, etc., and a preposition : 



The (oirn iu which he live*. 



La ville OU (or dans laquelle) il 



demeure. 

 Lea rues OU (or par lesquelles) il 



a passl. 

 Le jour OU (or pendant lequel) je 



suis iirrivi'. 



The ftreU through which he poseerf. 

 Th day on which I arrived. 



41. INDEFINITE PBONOUNS. 



The indefinite pronouns indicate persons and things without 

 particularising them ; they are : 



autrui, 



ckacun, 



on, 



personne, 



quelqu'un, 



quicouque, 



others, 

 every on. 

 one, peopU, they, 

 n > one, nobody. 

 aom, somebody. 



1'un 1'autre, 

 1'un et 1'autre, 

 rien, 



tel. 

 tout, 



on* onoUer. 

 both. 



nothinj, amy- 



such. 



42. REMARKS ON THE INDEFINITE PRONOUNS. 



(1.) Autrui, others. This pronoun is applied only to persons. 

 It has no change of form for gender or number, and is used 

 generally after a preposition : 



L'honnete homme cst diacret ; 

 il remarque les dtfuuts d'autrul, 

 maia il u'en parle jamuia. 



ST. P.VKKMOND. 



No fais point a autrui ce que 

 tu ne voudraia pas qu'ou te fit. 



The gentleman u di*creet ; he ob- 

 serves the defect* of other*, (/Hi MMr 

 alludes to t hi! in. 



I>> not Knto othfri that vltich thoM 

 wouldt not lite to be don* nto tktt. 



(2.) Chacun, every one, each one. When this pronoun is ab- 

 solute, and means every one, everybody, it is invariable : 



Le sona common n'est pas choee 



commune, f 

 Chacun pourtant, croit en avoir 



:i-.^ /. VALAIJCCOUBT. 



Chacun cst proatarntf devant 

 les gens heureux. DBSTOUCILKB. 



Common state u no common 

 thinj, though **ry on* txlwv** M 

 ho* enough of it. 



vry one bow* b*/or U fortn~ 

 not*. 



(3.) When chacun is used relatively it may take the form of 

 the feminine : 



Cnacune de noua (dea feinmea) 

 se prdtendait sap^rieure aux au- 

 ties en beautrf. MOSTKSQVISU. 



Ertry one of (women) 

 herulf supei tor i* beauty to 

 ottitn. 



(4.) On (one, people, they] is only used as subject ; and though 

 it always governs its verb in the third person singular, yet it 



* The use of those two pronouns is subordinate to the preposition 

 required by the verb : en cau only be used with verb*) which requira 

 de, and y with verbs which require a. 



