

175 



8. FRUITS ANK I 'KM. D&ft unb Dfeftbdumr. 



ilMaul btm, /. -, pl. -n, mul- 



9Tn.in.i, /. -, pi. -ft, piiu'-applo. 



.inn, in. -tt, -t, pl. -b.\iiiiif, 

 apple-tree. 



if, /. -, pi. -n, sweet- 



Mrrifo'fc, /. -, pi. -n, apricot. 

 'Hirnlaum, in. -tt, -t, pi. -Mumt, 



i'ri'iii t', /. -, pi. -n, blackberry. 



:tf, /. -i pi. -ii, l'Uion. 

 T.utd, /. -, pi. -n, dato. 

 (Jrt'frmrf, /. -, pi. -n, utrawberry. 

 'ja'frliiuji, /. -, pi. -uujTt, hazcl- 



init. 



Sri'tclfrcrrr, /. -, pi. -n, bilberry. 

 Utm'lwr, /. -, pi. -n, raspberry. 

 OoJian'iiiibfcK, /. -, pi. -n, currant. 

 XafttVnit, /. -, pi. -n, chestnut. 

 QRantcl, /. -, pi. -n, almond. 



. 



** 



pi. 



berry. 



OJlclo'ne, /. -, pi. -n, ranlon. 

 2)Jiwl, /. -, pi. -n, nit-dlar. 

 '-Cnrfty, m. .<, -, pi. -t, 



aBfitfut't, /. -, pi. -n, 



iJJflau'wtnbaum, m. -t, -t, 



bauitu, plum-tree. 

 SComeran'jc, /. -, pi. -n, orange. 

 , /. -, pi. -n, quincr. 

 , /. -, pi. -n, raisin. 



/. -, pi. -n, goose- 

 berry. 

 trauc$, m. -et, -t, pi. Strflu^f, 



2trilucfjtr, bush. 

 SQBallnuji, /. -, pi. -nuflir, walnut. 

 aSfinfterf, TO. -tt, -t. pi. -flodt, 



grape- vine. 

 SBein'tMubc, /. -, pi. -n, grape. 



. -, pi. -n, larch. 

 , /. -, pi. -n, poplar. 

 Dilute, /. -, pi. -n, bark. 

 2 taiitm, m. -c, -t, pi. tammt, 





9. FOREST TREES. SBalkbaume. 



Stycrn, TO. -tt, -9, pl. -f, maple. 

 JBirff, /. -, pl. -n, birch. 

 58uc$e, /. -, pl. -n, beech. 

 <tc$f, /. -, pl. -n, oak. 



<Sfd;e, /. -, pl. -n, ash. trunk. 



<J1*, /. -, pl. -n, aspen. ' ?annc, /. -, pl. -n, fir. 



Sictytf, /. -, pl. -n, pine. | lllnif, /. -, pl. -n, dm. 



fiintf, /. -, pl. -n, linden-tree, I SBcitt, /. -, pl. -n, willow, 

 lime-tree. j 3tig, tn. -t9, -9, pl. -c, bough. 



10. FLOWERS. S3 (urn en. 



Buri'fel, f. -, pi. -n, auricula. 

 Difltl, /. -, pi. -n, thistle. 

 cijibKih, n. -t9, -t, honeysuckle. 

 3amin', TO. -t9, -8, pi. -t, jessa- 

 mine. 



Jttfc'it, /. -, pi. -n, gilliflower. 

 Silaf, m. -9, lilac. 

 Silif, /. -, pi. -n, Illy. 



, ?i. -9, pi. -tn, daisy. 



, /. -, pi. -n, poppy. 

 , /. -, pi. -n, myrtle. 

 Sltltt. /. -, pi. -it, pink. 



11. TOOLS. 

 Stytt, /. -, pi. -n, awl. 

 Stmbcp, TO. -ffrt, pi. -t, anvil. 

 2lngcl, /. -, pi. -11, fish-hook. 

 Srt, /. -, pi. 91frt, axe. 

 *(, n. -tt, -t, pi. -t, hatchet. 



, n. -, pi. -, crowbar. 

 , /. -. pi. -n, rifle. 



, TO. -, pi. -, flail. 

 99, / -, pl- ", harrow. 

 Stilt, /. -, pl. -n, file, 

 glintt, /. -, pl. -n, gun. 

 mi|V, n. -tt, -t, pl. -t, scaffold. 

 $aue, /. -, pl. -n, hoe. 

 fcofcd, m. -, pl. -, plane. 

 XtV.t, f. -, pl. -n, trowel. 

 Setter, / -, pl. -n, ladder. 

 SKcipcl, TO. -t, pl. -, chisel. 



m. -tt, , pl. 

 plough. 



Sftcffd, /. -, pl. -n, nettfie. 

 JKit'tcrjVern, TO. -t9, -9, larkspur. 

 {Rofe, /. -, pl. -n, rose. 

 Sd^ujfclbdinu, /. -, pi. -n, cow- 



slip. 

 @on'ncnb(ume, /. -. pl. -n, sufi- 



flower. 



Sulpe, /. -, pl. -it, tulip. 

 llnfraut, n. -tt, -t. weed. 

 ^eildjen, n. -t, pl. -, violet. 

 9Sctijii'mcinni^t, n. -8, pl. -, .8, 



forget-me-not. 



$infel, TO. -t, pl. -, brush, pencil. 

 fiijf, /. -, pl. -n, saw. 

 djaufd. /. -, pl. -n, shovel. 

 djltifftcin, TO. -tt, -t, pl. 't, 



grindstone. 



@<$loji, n. -fft, pl. e^li'ffer, lock. 

 c^raubt, /. -, pl. -n, screw. 

 c^raubflctf, m. -tt, -t, pl. -fli-cfc, 



vice. 

 @$u('tomn, TO. -I, pl. -, wheel- 



barrow. 



@t nff , /. -, pl. -n, scythe. 

 @i$cl, /. -, pl. -n, sickle. 

 @tt'geUacf, TO. -tt, -t, pl. -c, ecal- 



ing-wax. 



, TO. -t, pl. -n, spade. 

 , /. -, pl. -n. roller. 

 3ange, /. -, pl. -n, pincers. 

 jirttt, m. -(, pl. -, compasses. 





ELECTRICITY. II. 



INDUCTION TORSION ELECTROMETER DISTRIBUTION OF 

 ELECTRICITY ON A SURFACE. 



WE have seen that electricity may be conveyed from one body 

 to another by contact ; we find, however, by experiment that it 

 is not necessary for tho charged body actually to touch the 

 other, but that a certain amount of electricity is excited by its 

 near approach. Thus, in bringing an excited tube or rod near 

 the gold-leaf electroscope, we shall find that the leaves diverge 



oma time before the rod oomM into actual contact with thu 

 diM. Thi* effect ii attributed to induction, and M thfe to aa 

 important matter in the explanation of many electrical pheno- 

 mena, it will be well to explain it before proeeedfof further. 

 AM already stated, similar elootrioitiee repel one another, while 

 thoeo of a contrary name attract. If, then, we brin* a highly 

 charged insulated body near to any conducting rabetanee, the 

 electricity in the latter will be decomposed, the negative portion 

 being attracted towards the charged body, while the positive 

 is repelled to the further end ; or, on the theory of a single 

 fluid, the electricity will bo driven to the further end, which 

 becomes, therefore, positively charged, while the other end I* 

 negative. 



The beet apparatus for showing these effect* consist* of two or 

 three cylinders insulated by being mounted on glaes rod* (Fig. 8). 

 These cylinders must be made of some conducting material, and 

 brass is frequently employed. This, however, is expenxivo ; but 

 if we turn the cylinders from a piece of wood, carefully rounding 

 the ends, and removing all ronghnem, and then coat them 

 evenly with tin-foil, rubbing it smooth with a piece of ivory or 

 bone, we shall have an apparatus that will answer our purpose 

 as well as the more costly. An tin-foil will be required in the 

 manufacture of many pieces of apparatus, ft will be well for 

 the student to procure a roll of it, remembering that it answers 

 best if it be thin. An old tooth-brush handle will do an well 

 as anything for smoothing it down, and it will stick on well with 

 common paste. 



Having prepared a cylinder or two in this way, put them end 

 to end so as almost to touch one another, and place at the ende 

 and middle of each a wire with a pith ball suspended from it by 

 a piece of cotton. Now let the highly charged body, tn, be 

 brought near one end, the pith balb at the ends of each cylinder 

 will at onco rise, showing the presence of free electricity ; those 

 at the middle, however, will remain at rest, as at first. If, now, 

 we touch a small gilt disc fastened to the end of a rod of glasa 

 or shellac against the different parts of the conductor, and then 

 bring it near a faintly charged electroscope, we shall soon see 

 that the end of the cylinder nearest the excited body is charged 

 with negative electricity, while the further end is positive, the 

 middle remaining neutral. On removing the charged body, the 

 electricities will re-combine, and the cylinder become neutral aa 

 at first. If, however, while the charged body is near, we touch 

 the positive end, some of tho electricity will escape, and the 

 cylinder will then be negatively charged. 



Induction is only manifested when a non-conducting body is 

 interposed between the excited body and the cylinder. The air 

 in the experiment above was the non-conductor, but we nsiy 

 interpose thin sheets of glass or other insulating material, 

 and the same effects will be produced. If, however, we inter- 

 pose a thin sheet of metal, or even a piece of wire gauze, 

 induction will cease at once. Those bodies which allow in- 

 duction to take place through them are known as di-eleetrics. 

 The intensity of the induction varies with the substance em- 

 ployed. 



The effects of induction may be felt aa well as seen ; for if a 

 person stands near to a large and highly charged conductor, 

 which is then rapidly discharged, a faint shock will be felt, 

 arising from the re-composition in the body of the electricities 

 which have been separated by induction. 



The distribution of electricity over the surface of any body 

 depends mainly upon induction. The most important fact in 

 relation to this is that electricity is always confined to the 

 exterior surface. Thus, if a hollow cylinder made of tin or 

 some other conducting substance be highly charged, so that 

 sparks are freely given off from its exterior, we shall yet be 

 unable to detect the presence of any electricity on its interior 

 surface ; or, if when it is in its natural state we touch it inside 

 with a charged ball, all the electricity will immediately pass 

 from the ball to tho outside. The way in which we test for the 

 presence of electricity in small quantities is by means of a disc 

 of thin copper, or gilt card, attached to a rod of some non- 

 conducting substance. This is called a proof plant, and when 

 touched against any charged body, acquires a portion of it* 

 electricity, and on being brought near the gold-leaf electroscope 

 at once reveals it* presence by the divergence of the leaves. 

 Now, if this proof plane be touched against the interior of a 

 cylinder or of a hollow ball (Fig. 4), and then brought into 

 contact with the electroscope, we shall find that the leave* will 



