LESSONS IN 



179 



We present another arrangement, showing the number of 

 each tense in the Greek verb. 



NUMBER O7 EACH TENSE. 



Present, 2, nan. Active and Present Middl 



Imperfect, 2, Imperfect Active and Imperfect Hi 

 5, Future Active, Fut. MM , i 

 Fut. Pass., 2nd Fut. Pass. 

 Aorist, G, Aor. lnt Act., 2nd Act., 1st Mid., 2nd Mid., 



1st Pass., 2nd Pass. 

 Perfect, 3, Perfect let Act., 2nd Act., Perf. Pass. 



Pluperfect 1st Act, 2nd Act., Plup. Pass. 



21 tenses in all. 



Wo remarked before in page 20 of this volume on the close 

 connection in sense between the passive and middle. Thus 

 we find the present and imperfect the same in both; and, in 

 the same way, the perfect and pluperfect passive, as well as the 

 future perfect, often bear a middle signification. 



A glance at the general conspectus will show that this largo 

 array of separate tenses is not complete in all its parts. Tho 

 right to appear in the conspectus may be disputed in tho 

 instance of tho perfect subjunctive and optative of tho passive 

 voice, inasmuch as they have no separate and independent 

 forms but are each made up of a participle and a part of the 

 verb uvcu. 



Verify tho statements made as to tho number of each tense 

 by writing out in full the several tenses in tho order" observed 



Form for yourself, solely by tho aid of memory, a general 

 conspectus of tho Greek verb, in imitation of the one just given, 

 taking as your verb 



(I believe), iriffTfvffu, irciriffrtvKa., ir(iri<rT(ufj.ai. 

 ETYMOLOGICAL VOCABULARY. 



Each of these various compounds of Atw, namely, a7ro\uw, 

 irapu\vu, etc., has its own set of derivatives. The student, 

 then, in making himself thoroughly acquainted with Auto, has 

 taken steps towards the acquirement of an immense number of 

 Greek words. 



THE PEESENT, IMPERFECT, FUTURE, AND FIRST AORIST 

 TENSES, ACTIVE VOICE. 



A few remarks on some of the forms of tho verb, of which a 

 full paradigm has been given, may be of service to the student 

 of these lessons. 



In the conjugation ta the person-endings in the course of time 

 underwent changes, as may bo learnt from the older conjuga- 

 tion, namely, that in ui, as well as from the dialects, or forms 

 of the language in use among the Dorians, the JEolians, etc. 

 forms moro ancient than the Attic, in which Xenophon wrote, 

 whoso Greek is considered the standard for ordinary prose. In 

 the first person singular indicative and subjunctive of the 

 active voico pi has been dropped, and TI in the third person 

 singular ; thus tho forms originally were \vofu or Avo>fu instead 

 of \vo>, and Ai/rri instead of At/fi. So v has been dropped in 

 the first singular indicative of the first aorist, which was t\\>aiv, 

 instead of, as now, f\vcra. In the second person of tho im- 

 perative active, Ot was dropped, so that we have Au instead of 

 \vtOi. 



Tho second person singular active has the termination <rOa in 

 the following forms : 010-60. (in Latin, nosti), tliou knowest, from 

 the perfect oiSa, used with a present signification, as I know ; 

 p&ftffOa and jjSjjo-fla, the pluperfect to oiSa, used with an imper- 

 fect meaning, as, tluni knewest ; c<f>T)<r#a, thou snidst, imperfect 

 from 4>T?jut, I say; yvOa, thou wast, imperfect from fytf, Jam; 

 thou wentest, imperfect from 7/u, I go. 



The original form of tho first penon plural active indicative 

 was /Mf instead of ny, resembling the Latin termination MW. 

 Thus the Dorians said rvwrofut, we strike, instead of -rvwrou.tr : 

 so in the Latin, percutimu*; so also ypafvo-juf, tw write (in 

 Latin, scrib-i-mos). 



The origins! form of the third penon plural of the principal 

 tenses, active voice, ended in m : the r pasted into 9, and the 

 v was dropped, and so &ov*.tvom became first IOVJUVMW, and 

 then &'>u\fuo'j<Tt, they advise. 



In tho first penon singular of the pluperfect active the 

 Attic writers, besides the form given in the paradigm, namely, 

 Af AiK<y, had another form in i> (contracted from the lonio 

 x), as AAu*7). The i<ray of the third penon plural is com- 

 monly shortened into tffcu> : thus, AAi/*<rav instead of AA- 



The JEotia c , ttt(y), w, instead of an, at, cutr of the opta- 

 tive first aorist active, is more usual than the form given in the 

 paradigm. 



In tho second person singular indicative present and future, 

 middle or passive, the Attics, in addition to the form in j?, have 

 another form in , as Ajj and Avi, At/in? and Afm, A*Ai*rp 

 and AcAixrct, Atiflijerp and \u6rj(rti, rpiftijirri and rpt&riffii. This 

 form in <( is exclusively used in tho throe following verb*, 

 namely : 



f}ov\ofjMt, I will; fiovkti, thou wiliest (subj. $ov\y). 

 oio/j.a.1, 1 think; out, thou thinkest (snbj. oiy). 



o^ofjLai, I shall see; oij>, thou shall see (subj. <np) 



In addition to tho termination of the third plural imperative, 

 active and passive, in trtatrav, aroxrav, trOtaffav, there exists) an 

 abbreviated form in array, avruv, trOtay, which is termed Attic, 

 as being frequently used by writers in the Attic dialect. The**' 

 abbreviated Attic imperatives correspond in all the tense*, 

 except the perfect, with the genitive plural of tho participle of 

 each tense ; and the middle form, aQiav, corresponds with the 

 third person of tho dual voico : 



Present Active, &ov\tvtT(i><ray and /3ouAc(/oiTr. 

 Perfect Active, irciroiOfTwffay and -rtTrotOovTcar 



(Gen. of the part. Trt-roiQorttv). 



Aorist First, &ov\tv(rar<iicray and Pov\u><ravrui>. 

 Present Middle, fiov\tuta&<i}<ra.v and &ov\tvtaQ<av. 

 Aorist Middle, aKt^aaQtaaav and ffKf$a<rOwi>. 



When in the future of the active and middle rw, aofuu, in 

 roots of two or more syllables, a short vowel, &, c, i, precedes 

 the <r, tho <r in many verbs is dropped, and a new form is pro- 

 duced, ending in w, oGficu (mark the circumflex) ; thus, A<u 

 (commonly f Aai/cw), I drive, tAcurw, tAaa>, * Aai : and so in the 

 other persons, A$j, Ao, t\uft.fy, Aar, Aa><ri. This abbreviated 

 form bears the designation of the Attic future, because employed 

 by Attic writers. Here are some other examples of 



THE ATTIC FUTURE. 



Tf\f-ff-<a, Attic Tt\w, -<?j, <?, -ovfity, -ti-rt, 

 -ovffi: T(\t-<r-ofuit, rt\ovfjiau, -p, -fi-rai, etc. 



KOfjLiffta, Attic KOfjLiia, -n?t, -Jf?, -ioD^r, -I?TC, 

 lovffi : KOfuovfuu, -!<?, -<rai, -<oi/fic0a, 

 etc. 

 Bi/3a{a>, I step, stride, /3</3a<r<i>, fttficua, /3i/3a>, 0i0ufitir, etc. 



Those contracted futures arc found only in the indicative, the 

 infinitive, and the participle ; thus, TA, TAIr, TAMT. The 

 verbs which take this form are 1, <Aau (tAavrw), TA, and 

 icoAf oi (I call) ; 2, all verbs in ifa : 3, a few in afa : 4, of the 

 verbs in fit, all that end in ayyvui, together with a^urvvfu, I 

 put on (clothes), apQiu. 



The student should now have no difficulty in generally form- 

 ing the parts of the verb required in the exercises that ensue. 

 It may, however, bo as well to enter a little into detail with the 

 tenses. 



KEY TO EXERCISES IN LESSONS IN GREEK. XXVII. 



EXERCISE 76. GREEK-ENGLISH. 



1. I might loose myself. 2. I would loose myself. 3. I loose myself. 

 4. I may loose myself. 5. I was loosing myself. 6. I loosed myself. 

 7. I shall loose myself. 8. I remained behind. 9. They loose them- 

 selves. 10. They were loosing themselves. 11. They loosed them- 

 selves. 12. Tou might havo loosed yourselves. 13. I might hsv 

 remained behind. 14. To have remained behind. 15. Having re- 

 mained behind. 16. To have loosed one's self. 17. To loose one's 



TAw, I end, 

 fa, I carry, 



