187 



term fat, of which Jcttle in n diminutive verbal form, baa iti 

 L :, \\ , , rieJk 



cast our oyo down a page or two of an Irish dic- 

 tionary, iind found those coincidence! : 



1KI 11 OK 1'ENIC WORDS IDENTICAL WITH ENGLISH. 





..II MA*. 



Hall. 



Bend*. 



linron. 



Barke. 



Bardi. 



Bam. 



Bten. 



I OR rEKIC. OKKMAM. 



Apfl. 



i acre, belter. 



Aer, mr (Greek, aer). 

 Acs, ajt (Latin, iictat). 

 Aire.acheel.ai'fc (Latin, 

 area). Areht. 



. a rib. WPP*, ribbe. 



-tmtry, eart> 



(Scotch. i;i'riK Erd*. 



JiuUiii, a bob;/, in/ant. 

 : , a babblt-r 



1 . Plapperer. 



uis, a uvdiiiHr;, the 

 ban*. 



liin, a ton, bairn. 

 Bairilo, a bari\ 1. 

 BaiUeleur, a bachelor. 



From the Welsh the following among other instances have 

 been given by the Rev. R. Garnott* : 



COINCIDENCES BETWEEN THE WELSH AND THE ENGLISH. 



IRISH OR rettic. 

 Ball, a ball, ylo6. 

 liauu, a band of 

 llarau, a baron. 

 l:irc, a boat, barotM. 

 I!. ml, a poet, bard. 

 Barra, a bar. 

 Be, life, beinj. 

 Be, w, be. 

 Beach, a be. 

 Bear, a bear. 

 Itourim, / boar, carry, 



bring forth. 

 Boarbiiim, I shave the 



board (Latin, barba). 



Jlarbiemi. 



Boathach,abeast (French, 

 MU). 



Bashed, a basket. 

 Bottwni, a button. 

 Bran, skin of wheat, bran. 

 Brat, a clout, a brat or pina/ore. 

 Brodiaw, to embroider (Fr. broder). 

 Bwyell, a hatchet, a bill (Germ. bict). 

 Cab, caban.a hut, cabin (Fr. cabane). 



B, an enclosure, quay (Fr. gnai). 

 Ceubal, cobble, a boat (Sax. cuople) . 

 Ci ochan, a pot, crockery (Sax.crocca). 

 Crog, a Jioofe, croofc (Celt, crofc). 

 Dantaeth, a choice morsel, dainty. 

 Darn, a patch, darn (Sax. deaman). 

 Fflasged, flasket (Fr. Jlasque). 

 Pflaw, a shiver, flaw. 

 Ffyucl, a/iinnl. 



Gwichet, a im'cfcet (Fr. guichet). 

 Horn, a border, hem (Sax. hem). 

 Llath, a lath (Sax. latta). 

 Matog, a mattoclc (Sax. mattuc). 

 Mop, a mop. 

 Paeol, a pail. 



Pan, a boicl, pan (Sax. ponne). 

 Pare, an enclosure, povfc (Fr. pore). 

 Pelen, a little baU, pellet (Fr. pelote). 

 Piser, a jug, pitclier. 

 Bhail, a fence, rail (Germ, ralle). 

 Bhasg, a slice, rasher. 

 Soch, a drain, soug7i. 

 Tacl, instrument, tackle (German, 

 fate!). 



Tasel, fringe, tassel. 

 A knowledge of the laws which affect the permutation of 

 letters in words as they appear in different languages or dialects 

 would disclose to the student many Celtic terms in English, of 

 which otherwise he would hare no suspicion. I have given 

 clear examples. Other very clear examples could be added. I 

 hall for exercise subjoin a few Celtic words with their several 

 meanings, leaving the student to discover the corresponding 

 English terms. EXERCISE. 



MECHANICS. XXII. 



LAWS OF FALLING BODIES-PBOJECTILES. 



IN all the cases given in the preceding lesson the accelerating 



aroe we have taken has been that of gravity. Sometimes, 



however, different forces act ; but the following general rnlea 



embrace all : 



" Proceedings of the Philological Society," Vol. I., p. 171. In 

 these and the preceding examples, we have appended the correspond- 

 ing words in German, French, and Saxon, in order to enable oar 

 readers to judge for themselves. It is more than possible that many 

 of these words in the Welsh are borrowed from the English. It is a 

 very difficult matter to separate the original words from those that 

 arc borrowed. 



1. The Telocity acquired under the aotion of a umform 

 Moderating force is equal to the force multiplied by the tarn*. 

 By force hem, we moan velocity acquired in one Moond, and, as 

 we hare teen, a similar amount of Telocity U produced in each 

 second. The rule, therefore, is clear. 



2. The space paused oror U equal to half the force multiplied 

 by the square of the time. Both these law* may be verified by 

 comparing with the remits obtained by the action of gravity. 



If we take/to represent the force or Telooity generated in one 

 econd, the apace in feet, t the time in seconds, and v the 

 Telocity, we have the following formula, which express theee 

 laws, and are easily remembered: 



*/, 



The third of these formula is deduced from the other two. 



Now if a body be projected upward* with any given Telocity, it 

 will rise to the same height that it would have to fall from to gain 

 that velocity, and when it again reaches the earth it will have 

 the same Telocity as it started with. The reason of this is that, 

 an a result of the second law of motion, gravity destroys an 

 upward motion in exactly tne same degree that it produces a 

 downward one. If, for instance, a stone is projected with a 

 velocity of 48, it would rise that height in one second, but by 

 gravity it falls 1C feet out of this, and thus only rises 32. 



Hence if a stone bo thrown upwards, it takes exactly the 

 ame time to rise as it does to fall ; and thus, if we know how 

 long it is in the air, we can tell the height to vhich it has risen. 



For example : a stone U 6 seconds in the air, how high did it 

 rise ? It must have taken half the time, or 3 seconds, in falling ; 

 but in that time a body falls 3* x 16, or 144 feet. This, then, 

 is the height to which it rose. 



Or, again: a body is projected upwards with a Telocity of 120, 

 how high will it rise, and how long will it be before it reache 1 " 

 the ground again ? We know here the value of v and /, and b- 

 the third formula, v* = 2 /s, that is, 14,400 = 2 x 32 x , or 

 64 s; s therefore is ^ of this, or 225 feet. Again, by the first 

 formula, v =ft, that is 120 = 32 x t; t therefore is 3f seconds, 

 and as it takes the same time to rise as to fall, the time it is in 

 the air is 7 : } seconds. 



There is a simpler way in which many of these experi 



may be performed, and by which some of these laws were dis- 

 covered by Galileo. A body is allowed to slide down an incline, 

 and the time of falling noticed. The part of the weight which 



produces motion 

 bean the same 

 proportion to the 

 weight itself as 

 the height of the 



W plane does to the 



1^ gg length. Hence if 



we diminish the 



Height we increase the time taken in falling. We find, however, 

 that the velocity is always proportional to the vertical height 

 fallen through, whatever be the length of the incline. 



Galileo experimented by letting small wagons roll down 

 inclines, which were made as smooth as possible so as to re- 

 move friction; and he discovered thus the "law of the squares," 

 as it is called, i.e., that a body will fall four times the distance 

 in twice the time, nine times the distance in three times the 

 time, and so on. 



There are two remarkable facts that have been discovered 

 in connection with the laws of bodies falling down an incline 

 that we must just notice here. The first is, that if we take any 

 number of chords, A K, B K, etc. (Fig. 100), all meeting in E, 

 the lowest point of the circle, and make inclined planes parallel 

 and proportional in length to them, a body will take the same 

 time to fall down each of these inclines. B K, for instance, is 

 much longer than D x, yet it is inclined at a much greater angle, 

 and therefore a body will travel down it with a greater velocity, 

 and it l found that this increase of speed exactly makes np for 

 the greater distance. 



The other fact is, that if a body has to fall from one point to 

 another not in the same vortical line, as, for instance, from D to 

 E, the line of quickest descent is not along the straight line 

 joining these two points, but along some curve, as D F *. The 

 reason of this is, that if the body be moving down the curve it 

 will at any moment be at a lower level than it would if falling 



