190 



THE POPULAR EDUCATOR. 



Ap-po-gidr-ai a qudl-che cd-sa, to lean, rest, or to depend on some- 

 thing. 



In-si-ste-ra a qudl-che cd-sa, to insist on something. 

 A pie- <Li, a ca-vdl-lo, on foot, on horseback. 

 A con-di-zio-ne, on condition. 

 Ad im-pre-sti-to, on trust or credit. 



By the preposition in. For example : 

 A du-e m^-si, in two months. 

 A'l-!/i sfug-gi-ta, in passing by or in flight, 

 Di-pin-ge-re a 6-glio, to paint in oil. 

 Ve-sti-to a bidn-co, dressed in white. 

 A'l-la fran-ce-se, all' in-gU-se, in the French, English manner or 



fashion. 



Di-re all' o-rec-chio, to say or whisper in any one's ear. 

 A tem-po, in time, in the nick of time. 

 Ve-ni-re a grdn-di schie-re, to come in great crowds or masses. 



By the preposition according to (or after). For example : 

 A ma-nie-ra, after the manner or fashion. 

 A 6c-chio, according to a measure taken merely by the eye. 

 A tio-lon-td di cia-sche-du-no, according to the will or liking of every- 

 body. 



By the prepositions against or towards. For example : 

 Ri-bel-ldr-si ad al-cii-no, to rebel or mutiny against somebody. 

 All' o-rien-te, all' oc-ci-den-te, towards the east, west. 



By the preposition vriih. For example : 



A ire c<5I-pi I' uc-ci-se, he killed him with three blows. 



An-dd-re a gran-di pas-si, to walk with long strides. 



Sid-re a Wc-ca a-per-ta, a dc-c/ii a-ptr-ti, a brdc-cia a-per-te, a cd-jic 

 chi-no, a chio-me sciol-te, to stand with an open or gaping mouth, 

 with open arms, with the head inclined,. with dishevelled hair. 



A bri-glia sciol-la, with slackened reins, at full speed or gallop. 



Cor-ri-spon-de-re ad al-cii-no, to agree with somebody. 



U-nt-to ad al-cu-no, united with somebody. 



Pa-ra-go-nd-re u-na cd-so a qudl-che allra cd-so, to compare one 

 thing with another. 



By the preposition for. For example : 



Con-dan-nd-<o a vi-ia dl-le ga-le-re, condemned for life to the galleys. 

 jJs-se-ve sen-si-bi-le a qudl-clie cd-sa, to feel compassion for (or to be 

 susceptible of) something. 



By the preposition by. For example : 



Lofa-rdi afor-za, thou wilt do it by constraint. 



By the preposition of. For example : 



Chie-de-re ad ol-cii-no, to ask or require of somebody. 



By the word as. For example : 



Met-ier-si a, ser-vo con al-cii-no, to engage oneself to somebody as a 



servant. . 

 A-ve-re a si-gn6-re, to have as a master. 



By at a time. For example : 



A du-e a dii-e, two at a time, two and two. 



By adverbial expressions or phrases. For example : 

 A buon mer-cd-to, at a small price, cheap. 

 A'l-la sca-pe-strd-ta, licentiously, dissolutely. 

 A'l-la peg-gio, as bad as possible. 

 A'l-la rin-fu-sa, confusedly, promiscuously. 

 A men-te, a me-mo-ria, by heart (to learn or know). 

 A bdc-ca, by word of mouth. 



Ve-ni-re dl-le md-ni, to come to blows, or to engage in close fight. 

 An-dd-re a spds-so, a di-por-to, to take a walk. 

 A. qudt-tro 6c-chi, a te-sta a te-sta, in private, alone, together (i.e., 



between four eyes, tete-a-tete). 

 A ba-stdn-za, enough. 



A md.no, at hand, near at hand, in readiness ; with or by the hand ; 

 artificially ; by election ; underhand, by fraud or deceit. 



I have already stated that to avoid hiatus by a succession of 

 vowels, generally ad, in the place of a, is used before a vowel, 

 and I shall conclude this explanation of the uses of a by the 

 remark that, in Italian classics, not a few passages, where at 

 first sight the particle a appears to be a somewhat arbitrary 

 substitute for other prepositions or words, without any change 

 of construction, will admit of a perfect elucidation by ellipsis. 



Other uses, and some omissions, of the particle a will be com- 

 mented on hereafter. 



KEY TO EXEECISES IN LESSONS IN ITALIAN XIV. 



EXERCISE 8. 



1. My father is good ; he has also a good brother. 2. My mother is 

 good ; she has also a good sister. 3. We have seen your uncle ; he has 

 bought a large book. 4. Have you seen our garden ? it is very large. 

 5. I have bought a pen ; it is very good. 6. Thy book is little ; but it 

 is good. 7. We have a father who is good. 8. You have a mother 

 who is good. 9. I have a book which is very small. 10. My sister 

 has a pen which is very large. 11. The book that you have bought is 

 good. 12. The garden that we have seen is very large. 13. Hast thon 

 seen the book which my uncle has bought ? 14. The book which your 

 uncle has bought is very small, but it is good. 15. I have also bought 

 a book, but it is large. 



HISTORIC SKETCHES. XLII. 



THE ENGLISH IN FRANCE. JOAN OF AEG. 



UNTIL some time after George III. had been on the throne 

 the style and title of our kings was " King of Great Britain, 

 France, and Ireland." Even when James II. was a fugitive 

 from his kingdom, and was magnificently entertained by Lonis 

 XIV. at St. Germains for a series of years, he still retained the 

 empty title of king of the country where he was dwelling as a 

 gnest. To be sure, he was virtually as much King of France 

 as he was King of England, but to the latter title he had much 

 more than a mere pretension, and the title of King of Franco was 

 historically bound up with it. Yet in James's time (1685-1688), 

 even the echo of the old shont of Henry V., " No King of Eng- 

 land if not King of France," had died away, and there was 

 neither rhyme nor reason in keeping up a ridiculous delusion. 



Time was, however, when the assumed title represented a 

 reality ; when, though not without dispute, the Kings of Eng- 

 land were acknowledged to be also Kings of France. Let us 

 look for a while upon a scene whereon the mark of the English 

 domination was stamped with such indelible plainness that all 

 the waters of oblivion that have flowed past it since have not 

 sufficed to wash it away a scene which will remain as an 

 historical memory to the end of time, and which showed, inci- 

 dentally at least, this, that the English were wholly unworthy of 

 their position as lords of France. 



At daybreak on the 30th of May, 1431, a priest entered the 

 cell of a young woman at Rouen, and announced that he was 

 come to prepare her for death. Not that the prisoner was ill 

 she was young, healthy, and in the full possession of her facul- 

 ties ; the death she was to suffer was a violent one she was to 

 be burned alive ! Burned alive at one-and- twenty ! What could 

 the poor wretch have done ? She had shivered the power of 

 the English in France ; she had, by means of an enthusiasm 

 which rendered her obnoxious to the clergy, roused the French 

 nation from the torpor into which it had been thrown by the 

 stunning blows dealt to it by Henry V. of England, and she 

 had dared to thwart the purposes and brave the anger of vin- 

 dictive churchmen like the Bishop of Beauvais, and the Bishop 

 of Winchester, Cardinal Beaufort. The prisoner's name was 

 Jeanne Dare, or as she has been more commonly, but erro- 

 neously, called, Joan of Arc. 



The priest's announcement took the poor maiden entirely by 

 surprise. A week before she had been led out into a public 

 place in Rouen, and compelled in a moment of weakness, when 

 surrounded by enemies not one kindly face among the crowd 

 and under circumstances of great excitement, to sign a docu- 

 ment disavowing and solemnly abjuring certain charges of 

 heresy which were preferred against her ; and she had been told 

 on that occasion that her life would now be spared, though she 

 must resign herself to a sentence of perpetual imprisonment. 

 The excuse for breaking faith with the poor girl was this, that 

 since her abjuration she had said that St. Catherine and St. 

 Margaret, with whom she asserted she was frequently in direct 

 communion, had appeared to her, and rebuked her for her weak- 

 ness in yielding to the threats of violence. 



On first hearing the announcement of the priest, Jeanne's 

 firmness gave way ; she wept and gave vent to piteous cries, tore 

 her hair, and appealed to " the great Judge " against the cruel 

 wrongs done to her; but by degrees her self -possession returned, 



