COMPARATIVE ANATOMY. 



HI 



BAM. 



Yonnpr men of limited moan*, on proving *uch in the 

 form of an :i|,|.li. ;.- Senior Lectuer before the 1st of 



yi-ur, will be allowed to become candidates for * 

 .|>, tin- fxaminatioii for which is held each year in Trinity 

 T. TIM, and the mzarshipa are granted, according to the number of 

 vacancies, to tho best answerers. A sizanhip is tenable for four 

 years from the date of a student's entrance, and candidates are 

 allowed to " enter " as Sizars, instead of passing the ordinary 

 Ku trance Examination, if they desire to do so. In case of a %n 

 entering as a Sizar, the entrance foe is only JUS Is. 3d. The 

 privileges of a Sizar are that he has not to pay any v"inml fees, 

 and is allowed to dine in the College Hall free. In other words, 

 any poor student who has sufficient ability to gain a sizarship, 

 obtains his whole academic education, and his dinner during 

 term for four years, free of charge. There are also minor offices 

 in the college, such as Chapel Clerkships, open to him ; and one 

 who obtains a sizarship is sure to be able to get pupils to read 

 with him, and so defray his personal expenses. A sizarship may 

 be obtained either in Classics, Mathematics, Hebrew, or Iri.-ih. 



The following are the subjects of examination : 



Classical Sizarships. Greek and Latin Grammar, Ancient 

 Geography, Greek and Roman History, English Prose Compo- 

 sition, Greek and Latin Prose Composition, vivd vocc examina- 

 tion in two Greek and two Latin authors, selected each year 

 from the Entrance Course (the two selected are announced each 

 year in the University Calendar), and examination by papers in 

 Homer, Iliad, Books i. xii. ; Demosthenes, Philippics, Do 

 Corona ; Euripides, Hecuba, Orestes, Phoanissee ; Xenophon, 

 Anabasis ; Horace ; Virgil, Eclogues, Georgics ; Liry, 

 Books vi. x. (inclusive) ; Terence, Andria, Heautontimo- 

 rumenos, Adelphi ; Cicero, Philippic Orations, i. viii. (in- 

 clusive). 



Mathematical Sizarships. Geometry of the right line and 

 circle ; Algebra (including the general theory of equations) ; 

 and Trigonometry (plane and spherical). 



Hebrew Sizarships. The Grammar, Exodus, chaps, i. xx. (in- 

 clusive), Psalms i. xli. (inclusive), and the Greek and Latin books 

 appointed for the vivd voce examination for Classical Sizarships. 



Irish Sizarships. For the encouragement of the study of 

 Irish, one Sizarship is given annually to the best answerer, in 

 the Entrance Course, together with tho following course of 

 Irish: O'Donovan'e, Wright's, and Neilson's Irish Grammars ; 

 Translation from English into Irish, and vice versd ,- the Four 

 Gospels, and Epistles to the Romans and the Hebrews, in 

 Irish ; the Gospels to be translated from Greek into Irish. 



Sizars are required to reside in college. 



SCHOLARSHIPS. 



Scholars rank next to the Fellows of tho College, and are 

 members of the Corporate Body of the University. The Scholar- 

 ships, which are tenable until the M.A. degree may be taken, 

 are granted in both Science and Classics. (For the details of 

 the examination, which is a very severe test of scholarship, we 

 must refer the reader to the University Calendar.) Scholars 

 only pay half tuition fees, and receive a small annual allowance 

 in money from the college. They have their " commons " free, 

 and only pay half the ordinary rent for their rooms. 



MODERATORS HIPS. 



Instead of proceeding to his B.A. degree by the ordinary 

 Michaelmas Senior Sophister Examination, as already ex- 

 plained, a student may become a candidate for a Mode- 

 ratorship, and obtain his degree by passing in one or more of 

 the Moderatorship Courses, which are as follow : Mathematics 

 uud Mathematical Physics Classics Logic and Ethics Ex- 

 perimental Science Natural Science History and Political 

 Science Modern Literature. For each of these Moderator- 

 ships the course of reading prescribed is very extensive, and to 

 gain the first Senior Moderatorship is a high university honour. 



Two Studentships are given each year, one to one of the 

 Senior Moderators in Classics, and the other to one of the Senior 

 Moderators in Mathematics and Physics, the candidates being 

 selected in accordance with the distinction they have gained in 

 some one other Moderator Course at least. Those who obtain 

 Studentships are paid .100 per annum by the College Board 

 for seven years. They are not required to reside, and have no 

 duties to perform. Thus these prizes ore a great aid to those 

 of limited means in the early years of their professional career. 



There are numerous smaller distinctions and prizes given to 



tudenU during their undergraduate course, which we cannot 

 here enumerate ; we have mentioned above the moat important. 



In addition to the undergraduate course in Art*, which we 

 have explained, there are School* in the various facoltiee of 

 Divinity, Law, Medicine, and Engineering, with professor* and 

 lecturers attached to each, and numerous and valuable prizes. 

 To mention the requirement* in these school* for their respec- 

 tive testimouium* and diplomas would occupy too ranch pace. 



Before joining any of theee school*, and to becoming a 

 fessional ' ' student, the undergraduate must have passed a certain 

 portion of his course in Art*, which varie* for each school* 



We may, in conclusion, mention that the University of Dublin 

 was founded in the year 1591 by Queen Elizabeth, and since that 

 time ha* given to the United Kingdom some of her most 

 illustrious sons in all departments of scientific, literary, and 

 public life. The present Chancellor end Vice-Chanoellor of the 

 University (1886) are the Bight Hon. Lord Boese, LL.D., and 

 the Right Hon. John Thomas Ball, LL.D., both graduates of 

 Trinity College. 



COMPAKATIVE ANATOMY. XIX. 



VEETEBEATA. 

 AMPHIBIA. 



IN the last lesson we described those animals which occupy the 

 lowest scale of the vertebrate kingdom, live in water, and 

 breathe by means of gills. 



Proceeding a step higher in the ladder of vertebrate life, we 

 come to those animals which can live either on land or in water, 

 and are on this account named Amphibia (from the two Greek 

 words ju$i, both ; /3ioj, life), living in two elements. The Am- 

 phibia constitute an intermediate form of life between the 

 strictly aquatic and the terrestrial animals. Cnvier classified 

 them under the name of Batrachia in his fourth order of Rep- 

 tilia ; but recent zoologists have justly objected to this clas- 

 sification, and now consider them as a distinct division of the 

 Vertebrata. Professor Huxley, in his recent work on the classi- 

 fication of animals, follows out this plan after a method much 

 more scientific in its arrangement than that of any other recent 

 observer. We shall, therefore, follow out his system of classi- 

 fication as far as the limits of this lesson will admit. In order 

 to live in two such different media as water and air, it is requi- 

 site that these animals should be in possession of gills like the 

 fish, and also of that form of breathing apparatus which pre- 

 dominates in the higher forms of vertebrate life, called lungs. 

 The latter consist of membranous bags, divided internally into 

 a number of small compartments or cells, over which the blood 

 is carried by means of a delicate net-like arrangement of capil- 

 lary vessels, in order that the oxygen element, BO essential to 

 the welfare of the component tissues of the animal, may be 

 restored to the blood, and the carbonic acid removed from it. 

 Nothing can exceed the beauty and extreme delicacy of the 

 mechanism of the breathing apparatus, which, variously modi- 

 fied, is seen to play such a useful port in the economy of the 

 higher animals. The Amphibia possess the typical characters of 

 the Vertebrata, already described. Like fishes they are cold- 

 blooded. Their blood is red and corpusculated. Fig. V. illus- 

 trates two red blood corpuscles of the frog, magnified 700 times, 

 after drawings made by Dr. Lionel Bealo. The blood corpuscles 

 of the proteus and the siren are the largest known. 



By Professor Huxley the Amphibia are divided into four 

 orders, as follows : 



1. The Urodela, or those with persistent tails. 2. The Batra- 

 cJ-ta, or frogs. 3. The Gymnophonia, or Amphibia with naked 

 snake-like bodies. 4. The Labyrinthodonta, so called from the 

 labyrinth-like and complicated arrangement of their teeth. 



The first order comprises the newts, salamanders, proteus, 

 siren, etc. The second, toads and frogs. The third, those 

 animals called by Linnaeus, Caecilia (ceecut, blind), or blind-worms. 

 They are, however, not blind, as that naturalist supposed ; they 

 have eyes, but very small ones, and nearly hidden under the 

 skin. Tho fourth ore a genus of gigantic fossil Amphibia. Foot- 

 prints of these animals have been found in the new red sand- 

 stone in different parts of this country. 



The Amphibia undergo a remarkable change or metamor- 

 phosis as they advance towards maturity. They are for the 

 most port developed from eggs deposited in the water and 



