222 



THE POPULAR EDUCATOR. 



LESSONS IN" GREEK. XXIX. 



THE PRESENT AND IMPERFECT TENSES, ACTIVE VOICE. 



To illustrate what we have been saying in the previous 

 lesson, suppose that we have to construe jSooAeuoutrt. This is 

 the third person plural indicative present, formed by adding 

 the termination oim to the stem of the present, &ov\ey, which 

 comes from /SouAeuco, J advise; and consequently fiov\evovcri 

 signifies they advise. Suppose, also, that we are requested to 

 put into Greek the English he has, and that we have given ua 

 for the purpose the verb ex<, I have. EXCO is the first person 

 singular indicative active. To get the stem of the present, we 

 cut off the a), and to 6%, thus obtained, we affix et, the personal- 

 ending of the third person singular indicative active, and so we 

 obtain e^ei as the Greek for he has. 



Again, suppose that we have the form f&ov\fvov, and wish to 

 ascertain what the form is. We find that this form is made up 

 thus : f is the syllabic augment, &ov\ev the root, ejSouAew the 

 tense-stem of the imperfect, and ov the person-ending of the 

 first person singular ; consequently the form means I was advis- 

 ing, since &ov\evu signifies I advise. Accordingly, to put into 

 Greek the imperfect ye were advising, we take &ov\fvw, and 

 cutting off <a, the termination of the first person singular, we 

 prefix to the root thus obtained the augment e, and so form 

 tjSouAev, the stem of the imperfect ; to this stem we add, as the 

 termination of the second person plural, the letters ere, thus 

 forming t &ov\tvere, which means ye were advising. In order, 

 then, to form the imperfect, take the present as given in the 

 vocabulary, cut off the person-ending of the present, prefix the 

 augment, and subjoin the person-ending (that one of the person- 

 endings which you want) to the tense-stem. Care should be 

 taken in all cases to get the tense-stem before attempting to 

 add the person-endings, or the mood-vowel, or indeed to form 

 any required part of the verb. 



another thought, speaking different things that is, do not say 

 one thing and think another. 



EXERCISE 81. ENGLISH-GREEK. 



1. This road leads to the city. 2. Two roads lead to the city. 

 3. Two horses drive the plough. 4. These roads led to the city. 

 5. Women are beautiful when they have good sense (a sound 

 mind). 6. The citizens keep (guard) the laws. 7. The citizens 

 were keeping the laws. 8. The citizen keeps the laws. 9. You, 

 citizens, keep the laws. 10. My father takes care of my 

 education. 11. My mother and my sisters took care of my 

 education. 12. The citizens nobly bear the chances that befall. 



13. The mother brings a rose to the father, that he may rejoice. 



14. The sister brought a rose to her brother, that he might 

 rejoice. 15. The daughter, the mother, and the father disagreed. 

 16. Do not (0 that ye would not, ^ with opt.) disagree, O 

 parents!- 17. The boys were rejoicing. 18. I rejoice. 19. You 

 rejoice. 20. We rejoice. 21. Thou rejoicest. 22. They rejoice. 

 23. You were rejoicing. 24. I was rejoicing. 25. My sister was 

 rejoicing. 26. The young man is ignorant of music. 27. These 

 girls are ignorant of music. 28. I am ignorant of music. 29. 

 We, O boys, are ignorant of music. 30. Those who are un- 

 skilled in letters, seeing see not. 31. Those women are un- 

 skilled in letters. 32. I am not unskilled in letters. 33. We 

 are not unskilled in letters. 34. Two men are fleeing. 35. He 

 conceals his thought in his heart. 36. When the barbarians 

 approached, he fled. 37. May the gods (opt.) turn the dangei 

 from us. 



THE FUTURE TENSE, THE FIRST AORIST ACTIVE VOICE. 



The stem of the future is formed from the stem of the pre- 

 sent by the addition of a to the stem of the present ; e.g., Ai/-, 

 \vff-. Avff- is the stem of the future : subjoin the person-end- 

 ings, and you have the tense in full. 



The first aorist active stem is formed from the stem of the 

 r prefixing to that stem the augment ; by affixing the 

 dings, as given in the paradigm, we obtain the tense 

 The future and the first aorist of ayopevw are thus 



Future, ayopfvff-, ayopeuffca, -ets, -et, etc. 

 -, Aorist First, -riyoptvo--, rtyopfvffa, -as, -f, etc. 



nstance that the augment is not the 

 namely, e is changed into 77. 



VOCABULARY. 



6, a | Kat, even, also (in 

 judge. Latin, etiam). 



E,Kyovos, -ov, o and ?';, 

 a descendant, off- 

 spring, [tor. 



'E/cTwp, -opos, 6, Hec- 



ETrayyeAAco, I an- 

 nounce, report (ay- 

 yf\os, a messen- 

 ger ; hence our 

 angel). 



Eirifiov\tvu>, I plot 

 against. 



EfrxaTos, -tj, -ov, the 

 last, extreme. 



'I/ceTeuco, I implore. 



KaTaAuco, I destroy 



(Kara and Auco). 

 KivSvvevca, I am in 



danger, I incur 



danger. 

 M f] v i to, I owe a 



grudge, I am angry 



with. 



'OTI, that. 

 DAaTejai, -(av, 7/, 



Platsea. 

 ~S,rpaTia, -as, ij, an 



army. 



i>, I plant. 



REMARKS ON THIS EXERCISE. 



The subjunctive of the first person plural holds the place of 

 the imperative ; thus, x a - i P a >u.ev, la iraiSes, is to be rendered, let 

 us rejoice, boys. 



The imperfect often denotes a repeated act, and may some- 

 times be rendered, with the aid of the verb to accustom, thus 

 Sco/cparrjs, etc., was accustomed to speak. The optative, as ex- 

 pressive of a wish, may be used as a softened imperative, as 

 AirorpwrotTe, etc., that you would turn away; that is, turn 

 away. MTJ fTtpov, etc., literally, do not conceal in your heart 



EXERCISE 82. GREEK-ENGLISH. 



iv airo Tcav iro\efj,iwv airo\vffovo~tv. 2. 

 OJS fnyovois tpvTevfffi. 3. 'O ayye\os 

 Tots TroAiTots, bti ol iroAe/itoi TO> ffTpaTfiip.aTi eiri- 

 @ov\fvo~oifv. 4. Ax'AAeus Ayafif/^vovi f^vlfffv. 5. Ol 'EAAiji/ej 

 avSpfia TroAAct to'xi'O'aj'. 6. 2a>Kparrjs otx licfTfvffe TOVS SiKCUTTas, 

 fieTa TroAAwv SaKpvtav, aAAa irtffTei/o'as TJJ eauTou a)3Aa/3eta fKiv- 

 dvvfvfff TOV fO~xaTov KivSiivov. 7. Tlpiv av a/j.<poiv fj.v9oi/ aitovcrris, 

 urj Si/cae. 8. Ol Aaitf$ai/j.ovioi IIAarcufls KaTf\vtfav. 9. Tis a> 

 TitTTeucrat (wio-Tfvfffif) fyfvffTri ; 10. A/coucrats (aKovffetas) /uou, a 

 </><Xe. 11. 'O ayyf\os firr)yyf\\fv, OTI ol iroAe/ntot TJ; ffrpaTia irt- 

 RovKfvaaiev (fviBou\fvffftav). 12. Aitovffov jitou, > <t>L\e. 

 'Eratpos Ttpa> TeiffTtvo~aT<a, 14. Trjv itoXiv \fyovo~i fieyav Kivtivvov 

 KivSvvfvo~ut. 



REMARKS ON THIS EXERCISE. 

 Upiv av, before (with subjunctive or optative) ; av refers to a 



