-S IN GERMAN. 



237 





so groat (licit the Spiininh j>rif>sts roinoniitratod, and order* were 

 ubtuiiif 1 t>< mi the Popo and from the King of Spain for t)i< 

 Ix-ttiT tr, Minn-lit <>f tli.- Indians. But such orders to a man like 

 \vero aa nothing, and tlio state of the poor people grow 

 worse aud worse. They had resolved at any cost to g.-t riil-.f tli.-ir 

 tyrants, when Cortez was called away from the capital to fight a 

 b -xpi '(lition which had been sent from Cuba, the gover- 

 nor of which thought fit to override the authority of Cortes, and 

 to seek himself to gather whore ho had not nown. Cortcz 

 defeated the expedition, killed its loader, and induced the 

 soldiers to enlist under him. 



On hi- return to Mexico city his quarters were assailed by a 

 vast multitude of Mexicans, desperate at the return of their 

 (lrcn< If ul i-iiemy, and bent on his destruction. In vain did 

 try everything that skill or valour could dictate, in vain 

 did In- Lrinir out Montozuma on the ramparts to quiet the 

 proj.li'. Montf/uma was killed by a missile flung by one of his 

 own subjects, and Cortez and his followers had to cut their way 

 out of the city. In due time ho returned with fresh troops 

 procured from Isla Espauola, and captured the city ; the succes- 

 sor of Montozuma was put to death by slow torture, multitudes 

 of Mexicans were slain, and possession was formally taken of 

 the country as a dependency of Spain. 



Twelve years after Cortez had landed at Vera Cruz, Pizarro 

 (in 1531) arrived with a small force on the coast of Peru, and 

 dissembling his object from people who probably did not know 

 what had befallen Mexico, advanced inland, pretending that he 

 would mediate between Huascar and Atahualpa, sons of the 

 late Inca or king, who were striving for the mastery. Atahualpa 

 had the upper hand, and Pizarro managed to get his con- 

 sent to an interview, at which the intention was to seize the 

 Inca, and hold him as a hostage and as a lever of power. At 

 the meeting the Inca was informed that Alexander VI., Pope of 

 Borne, had given Peru and all the other kingdoms in America 

 to the Spaniards ; that the Pope of Rome was lord of the whole 

 earth by virtue of his being vice-gerent of Christ, of whom 

 until this moment the Inca had never heard. Atahualpa was 

 required to acknowledge the supremacy of the King of Spain, 

 and to be baptised into the Christian faith. On the luckless 

 man treating these modest demands with derision, a tumult was 

 raised, a heavy fire of musketry and artillery was opened on the 

 Peruvians, and Atahualpa was seized and loaded with irons. 

 Cruel as had been the conduct of the Spaniards in Mexico, it was 

 very cruel in Peru ; the grossest frauds were practised on the 

 natives, who were reduced to the most dreadful form of slavery, 

 and compelled to yield forced labour. Atahualpa was made to 

 pay as ransom a room full of bars of gold, and then, the gold 

 having been received, he was strangled, and his body burned at 

 a stake. Furious dissensions arose among the Spaniards about 

 the division of the spoil ; Pizarro was murdered, his murderer 

 succumbing in turn to some other ruffian, and a long period of 

 anarchy and bloody revolution ensued, during which the native 

 Peruvians suffered from each successive ruler. 



Besides the West Indies, Mexico, Peru, and Chili, the Spaniards 

 did not care for their other possessions in America, which fell in 

 course of time under the dominion of the English, French, and 

 Dutch, and include at the present day the whole of the United 

 States of America. 



What of all they once held do the Spaniards retain at this 

 moment ? Cuba only, and Porto Rico. Ruthless, selfish govern- 

 ment like that they set up, practices subversive of all good such 

 as they practised, could bring about but one conclusion. Even 

 in Benzoni's time (1550), the demoralisation was such that "many 

 Spaniards prophesied for certain that the island (Isla Espafiola) 

 in a short time will fall entirely into the Hands of these blacks " 

 (imported Africans), and such has been its fate after many and 

 deadly struggles between Spaniards, French, and English for 

 the mastery there. When the news of the French Revolution 

 in 1789 reached the island, the French being then masters, the 

 population rose en masse, and in the awful massacre of San 

 Domingo repaid the wrongs of centuries. Jamaica was taken 

 from Spain by commanders sent by Cromwell, and since that 

 time successive conquests have stripped her of all but Cuba 

 and Porto Rico, the sole remaining relics of their once vast 

 American possessions. 



Mexico, Peru, and Chili remained under the curse of Spanish 

 rule till quito recent times ; but the bursting of the old bands of 

 tyranny is Europe by Napoleon Bonaparte loosened them indi- 



rectly in America. As soon as it WM known in Mexico (in 1806) 

 that the Hpanuih Bourbon* were overthrown, the viot-rcy called 

 on the people to rapport King Ferdinand, bat when they roe* 



e. tho 



to do BO the Spanish colonist* resented their interf 



ough 



it was on their own behalf. " No native American shall par- 

 ticip ito in the government so long as then is a mole-driver U 

 La Manoha, or a cobbler in Castila, to ttipteeent Spanish as- 

 cend&noy." In this spirit the Spaniards in Mexico conducted 

 themselves, and the result was that after three formidable insur- 

 rections, bloodily suppressed, Iturbide, a native Mexican, so 

 gathered up the national party into his hands that he drove the 

 Spaniards out, and received on the 27th of November, 1821, the 

 surrender of the capital on condition that the Spaniards should 

 forthwith leave the country. 



After passing through a dreadful ordeal analogous to the 

 above, Peru and Chili, making common cause, threw off the 

 Spanish yoke, and on the 26th of February, 1826, compelled 

 the surrender of Callao, the last foothold of the Spaniards on 

 the territories won for them by Cortez and Pizarro. 



LESSONS IN GERMAN. L. 



IK this lesson we commence Part II. of our Lessons in Gt 

 The sections in this Part, which are distinguished by the sign % 

 in all references made to them in Part L, will be found to fur- 

 nish a complete and systematic Grammar of the German Lan- 

 guage, including its Etymology and Syntax, with examples and 

 extracts from the best German writers. 



1. ETYMOLOGY. 



Etymology regards words as individual* ; discloses their ori- 

 gin and formation ; classifies them according to signification ; 

 and shows the various modifications which they undergo in the 

 course of declension and conjugation. The inflection of all 

 parts of speech, except the verb, is, in grammar, called declen- 

 sion ; the regular arrangement of the moods, tenses, number*, 

 persons, and participles of a verb, is called Conjugation; in a 

 general way, however, all words capable of inflection are said to 

 be declinable. The indeclinable parts of speech are often called 

 Particles. 



2. DERIVATION AND COMPOSITION. 



(1.) In respect to derivation, all German words are divisible 

 into three classes -.Primitives, Derivatives, and Compounds. 



(2.) The Primitives, which are also called roots or ratiital*, 

 are all verbs; forming the basis of what are now generally called 

 the irregular verbs, and of about fifty or sixty others, which 

 were once irregular in conjugation, but are so no longer. They 

 are also all monosyllables, and are seen in the crude form (so to 

 speak) by merely dropping the suffix (en) of the infinitive mood; 

 thus : '.Bint (en), to bind ; falicf (en), to close ; fang(fn), to catch. 



(3.) From the primitives, sometimes with, sometimes icithout, 

 any change in or addition to the crude form, comes a numerous 

 train of derivatives, chiefly nouns and adjective*. 



Thus, from binfc(tn), "to bind," we get ter *anr, the volume, 

 and tcr '.Bunt, the league, where the derivatives are produced 

 by a mere voicel change. The derivative is, also, often distin- 

 guished by a mere euphonic or orthographic termination : 

 changing the form, indeed, but in no wise affecting the *n*e. 

 The terminations employed in this way are tr, tl. tn, t. it. it. 

 and tt; thus, from fprt^(tn). "to speak," comes tie Ctrad-t. 

 speech, language. In some cases, moreover, in forming deriva- 

 tives, the in-ignificant syllable ge is prefixed ; as: Qtaeip. sure, 

 certain ; tcr (Vcfang. the song. 



(4.) But there is another and a most extensive class of deri- 

 vatives, sometimes called secondary derivatives, formed by the 

 union of radical* words with suffixes that are significant : thnu, 

 from Iitilis, "holy, sacred," we get, by adding en. the verb bcili- 

 qcn, " to make holy, to consecrate." The suffixes of this class 

 (the significant ones) are, however, most of them, used in form- 

 ing nouns and adjectives. They will be found explained under 

 those heads respectively. Several of them are exactly the mine 

 in form as the terminations which are often added to primary deri- 

 vatives. From thews (that is, from the merely orthographic end. 

 ings) the significant suffixes are to be carefully distinguished. 



The word radical, however, in ttu place, is designed to indicate 

 any word capable of assuming a ufflx. In this loose sense the word to 

 often employed for the sake of convenience. 



