RECREATIVE NATURAL HISTORY. 



(2.) Not BO, however, in German ; for there the names of 

 many things without lifo, from thoir real or supposed possession 

 Lining to things with life, are considered and 

 treated as maaouline or feminine. Often, moreover, words indi- 

 cating things without lifo are deemed masooline or feininiin-, 

 iii.-r.-ly frcm some resemblance in form to those designating 

 properly male or female. Henoe arises, in grammar, the 

 distinction botwoon the natural and the ijrammatical gender of 

 word.*. 



(3.) Wore tho natural gender alone regarded, it wonld be 

 necessary only to know tho MEANING of a word, to know its 

 ; but since this is not the case, we are often obliged to 

 determine gcndor chiefly by the FORM.- We give below, there- 

 fore, tho principal rules for determining the gender in either 

 way ; suggesting only, aa the best mode of learning the excep- 

 .sliidi are numerous, and hero purposely omitted), tho 

 custom of constantly and carefully noting them in reading and 

 speaking. 



7. BULES FOE DETEKMININO GENDER. 



BY THK MEANING. 



(1 .) To the Masculine belong 

 names of 

 Male beings : as, tcr Sftann, the 



man ; tec Sowe, tho lion. 

 Days : an, ter 9)fontag, Monday; 



tec Ticnftag, Tuesday. 

 Months: as, bec3anuac, January; 



tec Sc&cuar, February. 

 Seasons: aa, tcr Scufyling, spring; 



tec Scunner, summer. 

 Winds: as, tcr 9tortn>infc, the 



North wind ; tec Sutlrint, tho 



South wind. 

 Points of the compass : as, tec 



Sicct, tho North; ter @ut, tho 



South. 

 Mountains: as, tec J&arj, tho 



Harz ; tec 9ltU, the Atlas. 

 Stones: as, tcr Tumant, the dia- 

 mond ; tec JRubtn, the ruby. 

 Fruit-trees: as, tec4Mrn&aum,the 



pear-tree ; tec 2lpfel6aum, the 



apple-tree. 



(2.) To tho Feminine belong 

 the names of 

 Female beings : as, tie Srau, the 



wife ; tie Softer, the daughter, 

 as, tie SBcfcc, the Weser; 



tit Xfyemfe, tho Thames. 

 Fruits: as, tie S3icue, the pear; 



tie Slug, the nut. 

 Trees and flowers : as, tie S3icfe, 



the birch; tie Grrle, the alder; 



tie 5Rejt, the rose. 



(3.) To the Neuter belong 

 the names of 

 Countries and placf ; as, 8rnnf 



reicty, France ; Skcltn, Berlin. 



.- as, ta ilbcr, silver. 

 M<J ti-rials : as, taO olj, wood. 

 Letters : as, ta 91, the A ; taS 



, the B, etc. 

 I rfinitives used as nouns : as, 



ta I'eeen, life; taS 9*eiten, 



riding. 



Many individuals taken toge- 

 ther (i.e., collective nouns) : 



as, ta ^eer, the host. 

 Adjectives used as nouns ,'In an 



abstract and indefinite way) : 



"as, taS Watt, the good ; tat 

 c^cnt, the beautiful. 

 Pronouns and particles used sub- 

 xtnntii-i'hj : as, fein Itebrt 3$, 

 his beloved self ; baJ 9Bte unb 

 tii 2Bo, the how and tha 

 where. 



(1.) To the Masculine belong 



a. Those primary derivatives 

 (see 2. 3) ending in tho in- 

 si'jnijicant suffixes cr, tl, en, 

 and those also that are with- 

 out affixes of any kind. 



b. Thoso secondary deriva- 

 tives formed by means of tho 

 significant suffixes cc, ig, ing. 

 and ting. 



(2.) To the Feminine belong 



a. Those primary derivatives 

 ending in e, t, te, t (ft), te. 



b. Those secondary deriva- 

 tives formed by means of the 

 suffixes e, ei, in, Ijeit, feit, 

 fc$aft, ung. 



(3.) To the Neuter belong 



. Those secondary deriva- 

 tives formed by means of tho 

 suffixes $en, lein, e(, fa I, ft I, 



nip, tftum, 



b. Thoso nouns having the 

 augment ge. 



Under the name at maU l>i*yt nut be included that of the 

 Almighty, as also those of angel> and othsr superior powers t 

 those of mythological deities and of human bsfafs ; those of 

 beasts, birds, reptiles, sad Ashes. The term ftmalt 

 must have a like latitude of signifioation. 



KEY TO EXEBCI8EB IN LE880K8 IX OKBXAJT 



EXBBOUB 141 (Vol. III., page 48). 



1. Ctnto toir anittWat, auf unfern grntnb |H Mann? S. 9M*. *}t 

 feinenreaen. 8. t if f<ec 0)rnf4 Witt frtnrr Ztnltttftb lsfli mrtfjatt 

 4. fflraimn 6ie fu^ unfertw^fm ni^t ! 5. Wntuimy* moym tm t+n 

 nut 6ic tcoUen. 6. SRrin sBrutrr ftarv in nnrajr^mttn 3a^r ftisct 

 vlliert an tec ujfbrunq. 7. IDiffcii &\t. tMt 3frrc ao(Miu U^t flriU^n 

 &at ? 8. Slein, abet i^ tisbt jenen iWann, twicer qtfttm U ssfcr 4s4 

 f.im, im 'iiertartyte. 9. Surrfl bmtt icb emen Ttener trt ^aufe* tai 6cc> 

 tac^te. 10. Slacbtem u$ meine lehte SKeife rcUentet &atte, mtmete 14 siis) 

 tent Stutium lee lebtnten 2rta4<n. 11. fta^tra imc ] fHttsg 

 gcfi-en't Kitten, tittrn trie fpajieren. 12. Wo^ttm cr grfriffliift |stt(. ! 

 fu$tc ec feinen Schroagec. 13. Xiei'e Xame brss^C 



feint )u einem Jlleite. 14. Oenec jungling urt S/KUT. 15. 3m* 

 UmerneJv.nen mac^te unfern 9ia<^bac ;um rei^en Ram. 16. Cr fagtt 



mic, ec >cucce feinet felfcft wegen mtt fetnem 



RECREATIVE NATURAL HISTORY. 



SOME LAND, SEA, AND FRESHWATER SHELLS, WORMS, AXD 

 TU B E-DWELLER8. 



WE have already shown, in our paper on British pearls and 

 pearl-shells, that all shelled creatures of the sea, fresh-water, 

 or land, possess the power of building up the walls of the tiny 

 castles in which they dwell. There are others which possess no 

 shell-building power, and depend for defence and protection 

 from injury on the shelter afforded by either holes in the earth, 

 crevices amongst the rocks, or pipe-like coverings formed from 

 materials gathered together either by the exercise of the will 

 and ingenuity of the creature, or by natural processes ovei 

 which it has no control. Then we have shell-dwellers who, not 

 content with their own natural covering, bore deep holes in 

 rocks and timber, in order to secure a perfectly safe place of 

 shelter ; and yet another vastly important group of worm-like 

 creatures, the HelminUies, or worms which dwell within the 

 tissues of other living organisms. 



Although the accomplished naturalist, who is well op in the 

 subject, would distinguish at a glance the distinctions which 

 exist between true land, fresh-water, and marine shells, and 

 assign to earth, sea, or parasitical worms their true position, the 

 casual observer would find some difficulty in determining the 

 particular order to which each or either belonged. As an ex- 

 ample of this similarity of structural form and contour, we most 

 refer our readers to the accompanying illustrations. Fig. 1 re- 

 presents a shell, dwelling in fresh water (Paludina vivipara) ; 

 Fig. 2 a marine shell (Trochus magus) ; and Fig. 3 a land shell 

 (Cydostoma subaspera). The resemblance between land and 

 sea slugs is nearly as close as that between land snails and 

 sea snails. Fig. 4 represents a large land slog (Arion rvfus), 

 and Fig. 5 a slug from the sea (Tergipes despcctus). 



There are few who know that money may be made of slog* aa/ 

 snails. Land slugs, although occasionally taken medicinally by 

 persons suffering from pulmonary consumption, are of little com- 

 mercial -mportance. The Eastern seas, however, yield a slap 

 (Holothvria edulis) commonly known as the IMeto dt mar, or 

 trepang, which ranks high as an article of merchandise, and is 

 the cause of much maritime activity and general briskness of 

 trade. The trepang is in great request hi the markets of China, 

 as an ingredient in the composition of the gelatinous soups anc 

 hashes in which the Celestials so much delight. With pickled 

 sharks' fins, little squares of salt fat pork, and preserved bam- 

 boo shoots, the Btche de mtr makes a dish perfectly irresistible 

 to a Chinaman. There are six kinds of slogs generally sought 

 for, the best being those obtained by diving amongst the reefs 

 and rooks where they are known to resort; others are taken 

 either by torch or moonlight, in the shallow pools ; whilst the 

 inferior kinds are gathered by hand from the rooks at low water. 

 The various kinds, when selected and arranged according to 

 their quality, are cleaned, carefully cot open, cooked in large 

 cauldrons in the water which they themselves yield, and are 



