LESSONS IN ITALIAN. 



Jmpararv. to learn. 



ujili, I 



shaJl go to-mor- 

 row. 



you shown it ? 



rality. 



Lion*, Lyons. 

 Lo incite, he provoke-.. 



him. 



Jfa!, uvil. 

 iftrvant.-, merchant. 

 .Ifi, to nil', me. 

 . mill. 



Mini. 



Nottin-jamo, Notting- 

 haoi. 



Mute (.'*), f. pi., wed- 

 ding, omniage feast. 



O, or. 



Uynuno. everybody. 

 (U), 



word. 

 PoMeggiore, to take a 



walk. 



Pn*a, thinks. 

 P*n*at<), do you think ? 

 Pen*), I think. 

 Ptetro, Peter. 



. Plymouth. 

 Porta, door. 

 Praiuo, dinner. 

 Prtfcntct, he prefers. 

 Pretto, soon, quickly. 

 Prouimo (in.), proe- 



tma (f.), next. 

 Scrivtre, to write. 



Soggiorna. he lire* or 

 resides. 



SJMMO, pastime, di- 

 ver*; 



Stranitro, stranger. 

 



Suo (ID.), .11.1 (f.), hi*, 

 her. 



: iwi, conveys. 



Tirar, to draw, trail, 

 drag ; to shoot or 

 fire, etc. 



Tocoa, falls to the lot 

 or share. 



Tutto, all, whole. 



VcctUo, bird. 



FMIM, comes, becomes. 





EXERCISE 13. ITALIAN-ENGLISH. 



1. Ha man-da- to la let-te-ra a Gio-van-ni. 2. Ti-ra-re ad un 

 uc-col-lo. 3. II mer-oiin-te pen-sa al gua-da-gno. 4. Tuc-ca on 

 fio-ri-no ad u-no. 5. O-gnu-no ti-ra 1' a-cqua al au-o mo-h'-no. 

 6. Dal-le pa-rd-lo si vn-ne al-le ba-sto-na-te. 7. A obi 1" a-ve-to 

 mo-stra-to ? a Pie-tro o al-la cu-gi-na ? 8. A che pen-aa-te P 

 9. P&n-so all' av-ve-ni-re. 10. Ar-ri-ve-re-mo pre'-sto al-la pros-si- 

 ma pcVsta? 11. E'-gli e cdr-so au-bi-to al-la pdr-ta. 12. Par- 

 la-va ad u-no atra-nie-ro. 13. Lo in-ci-td al-la c61-le-ra. 14. 

 Pre-fe-ri-ace il be-no al ma-le. 15. La su-a con-ver-aa-zid-ne mi 

 .i n6-ja. 16. E'-gli se lo re-ca a dis-o-nd-re. 17. La li- 

 be-ra-li-ta gli vi6n im-pn-ta-ta a di-fet-to. 18. E's-ai c-ra-no 

 al-la cac-cia, al-le ndz-zo, a pnin-zo, a ce-na, al fe-ati-no. 19. An- 

 dre-te do-ma-ni al ri-ddt-to ? al con-cer-to ? 20. I'-o un-dro do- 

 ma-ni a un bal-lo. 21. An-da-te a im-pe-ra-re, a scri-ve-re, a 

 dor-mi-re, a man-gia-re. 22. E'a-ai van-no a apaa-so, a pas-seg- 

 pi;i-rc. 23. An-dia-mo al caf-fe. 24. Per dd-ve si va al-la pd- 

 ata ? al-la do-ga-na ? 25. E'-gli e a Ber-li-no. 26. Sog-gidr-na 

 in Fi-ren-ze. 27. E'-gli mo-ri in Not-tin-ga-mo. 28. E'-gli lo 

 oon-dur-ra a Ce-stria. 29. El-la giun-ae a Lid-ne. 30. E'-gli e 

 ar-ri-va-to in Bri-atol. 31. E'-gli 6 na-to in Pli-mut-te. 



EXERCISE 14. COLLOQUIAL.* 



1. Thy mother has lost her umbrella. 2. My aiater baa found 

 a pen. 3. Where have you bought this penknife ? 4. Hast 

 thou aeen our horse ? 5. We have seen a large inn. 6. Your 

 little brother haa a good watch. 7. Our brother ia tall.f but 

 our aiater ia little. 8. I have a hat which is very fine. 9. The 

 watch which you have bought ia good. 10. Our uncle haa 

 received a letter. 11. Thia son has lost hia mother. 12. This 

 daughter has lost her father. 13. This present is for this 

 child. 



THE PARTICLE DA. 



I have already stated that the particle di denotes a mere 

 mental separation of ideas or notions, while the particle da 

 expresses a real separation of objecta. This ia the fundamental 

 signification of da, and, on thia account, it must be pronounced 

 to be the very opposite or logical antagonist of the particle a. 

 Thia latter word indicates any kind of tangible or mental and 

 imaginary approach or direction to or towards a person or thing, 

 while da expresses any kind of tangible or mental and imaginary, 

 but clear and real separation, removal, distance, or direction 

 from a person or thing; and the ideas of direction to or towards, 

 and of a direction from a person or thing, are, to some extent, 

 the very poles or extremities of all relations in which words and 

 things stand to each other : for example, in thia sentence, pdr-lo 

 di lui, I apeak of him, it ia evident that there is no direction what- 

 ever to or towards, but rather a direction from a person. Thia 

 direction is, nevertheless, not sufficiently clear and real enough 

 to justify the use of da ; while, in the sentence vtn-go da lui, I 

 oomo from him, a real removal, distance, or separation from the 

 person from whom I come is understood, which can only be 

 expressed by the particle da. As a further illustration, in the 

 phrase un mer-cdn-te di Ve-r6-na, a merchant of Verona, the 

 particle di is a mere sign or intimation to distinguish the merchant 



from the town in which he UTM, and not of his abmc* from it ; 

 while, in the senUno* 4-yli v&ne da V+r6+a, UM partial* da, d- 

 notes) an actual rumor*! from that pUo. 



* After a careful study 01 the previous colloquial exercises, even 

 ordiuary pupils should be able to translate the following sentences 

 without the aid of a vocabulary. 



t In Italian, tall and great are frequently expressed by the sane 

 word. 



. - 



planation of too particle da, however, It not offloMot to convey a 

 complete notion of all iu oe* ; every language, generally peak* 

 ing, being far too complex a vehicle of human thought anywhere 

 to admit of inch a Nummary diaooaikm of iU more important 

 branches. Now, and hereafter, I nhall be therefor* obliged to 

 explain the various modification* and exception* of this general 

 rale. 



The idea* of removal, dutunct, teparatiun, dependent*, dedxe- 

 tian, or derivation, and origin or dacent, are, as it were, only 

 collateral or subordinate branches of the fundamental notion of 

 a direction from a person or thing, and that word (person or 

 thing), the removal, diatance, deduction or derivation, origin or 

 descent from which, and the dependence on which, in expreeeed, 

 requires the particle da before it For Tmnplt : 

 SaUta-fi da ?W-(to luA-go, begone from this place. 

 Al-lon-ta-nA-rt it-no da un Iu6-go, to remove one from a place. 

 Ca-vd-rt d-cqua dal p6t-*o, to draw water from the well. 

 X-m-rd da lon-td-no, to come from afar. 

 I'-o vtn-go dal giar-di-no, 'la cd-ta, I come from the garden, from 



home. 

 L' iie-ett-lo i u-ict'-to ddl-Ia gdb-bia, the bird has flown oat of Uu 



cage. 



Ac-cat-td-rt pd-nt da ti-tto, to beg one's bread of one. 

 Cio (pron. ct'<5) di-pfn-d* ddl-la for-tu-na, da rot, that depends on 



good luck, on you. 

 De-dUr-r u-na ra-<ji6-ne da un prin-ci-pio fdl-to, to deduce an argu- 



ment, proof, or evidence from a false principle. 

 Ddi-la <;ual co-a nd-cqut-ro di-ttr-u pa-ri-rt, from which aros< 



various fears. 

 Dt-ri-vd-re V o-ri-gi-n* di u-no c6-ta da un' <fl-tra, to dffdncff the 



origin of one thing from another. 



Di-vi-de-re U-na c6-ta da un' dl-tra, to separate one thing 

 another. 



It ia obvioua that the idea of origin, expressed by da, 

 sarily includes any action proceeding from a person or place. For 

 this reason, on the one hand, the English preposition by, when- 

 ever in connection with passive verbs it denotes cause, author- 

 ship, instrumentality, etc., must be translated by da; and, on 

 the other hand, all verbs expressing a going away, or departure, 

 generally demand thia particle. For example : 



Car-td-gi-ne /u /ob-bri-cd-ta da 1H-M-M, Carthage was boflft by 



Dido. 

 Fu 4-gli da a!-cii-ni u<5-t u-gre-ti n-m{-ci ac-cu-M-to, he was SOOnseil 



by some of bis secret enemies. 

 A q\U-tta giar-di-no V d-eqva i a6-6on-<U-rol-mAi-U *om-mt-nt-*rr<i-ta 



da li-na /r-chu-i-ma fan-id-na, the water for this garden* is 



abundantly supplied by a very cool fountain. 

 -gli i par-ti'-fo da L6n-dra, he has departed from London. 

 Co-min-cto a an-dd-rt da tfa-xa-rlt-U a Ge-ru-m-Um-mi, he began to 



go from Nazareth to Jerusalem. 



Whenever the verbs u-sci-re or sar-M-re, to go or come oat or 

 from ; par-t(-re, to set off, depart ; ve-n{-re, to come ; fug-yi-rr. 

 to fly, escape, etc., admit of the preposition dt before that place 

 from which the going away or departure takes place, thi- 

 apparent deviation from the general rule, without difficulty, will 

 be explained by ellipsis ; i.e., by the omission of the preposition 

 da, with some other general noun : 



7-n<-r. jxir-li-r di R6-ma (i.e., ddl-Ia cit-td di RJ-ma), to arrive, 



to depart from (the city of) Borne. 

 Jl-gli i di ,-Mr-d<5-n<a (i.e., ddl-la cit-td di ^-*--AI-i), he is s 



native of (the town of) Aberdeen. 

 U-tci-re, or-ti-r di ca-a, di cAr-ti, di pa-idVio, di tei-tro, di efcUes, 



to go or come from home, from court, from guildhall, from 



theatre, from church. 



The particle da, also, is used, in order, by naming the birth. 

 place, to distinguish one person from others of the same appel- 

 lation. The birth-place thus becomes, as it were, the surname 

 of the individual. This employment of da certainly is quite 

 conformable to its fundamental notion, for the birth-place is s 

 part of the general idea of origin, descent, or extraction : 



Da, as wen as the English by, is in these oases the preposition, 

 which must be placed before the nominative case of the original 

 sentence of the active voice whenever the Utter is to be changed into 

 the passive: for example, U'-no/r#-cnu-'-ma/<m-W-na *om-mi-n<-rfrw 

 a&-6<m-d-t*l-mAi-f I' .l-i-'fiia a Q/.$fo piar-d<-mo, a very cool fountain 

 abundantly supplies the wutr for this garden. 



