258 



THE POPULAE EDUCATOR 



The base of the chalk escarpments is usually marked 

 by a stratum of clay the gault which thus occupies a 

 valley, and is a pasture tract. But the chalk strata 

 which form the South Downs and streich far to the 

 west, into the centre of England, and thence away to 

 the north-east, are chiefly used for the purpose of sheep- 

 pasturage. There is little or no soil upon them, the 

 herbage is short, and trees are absent ; however, the 

 chalk ranges, especially the broad, sweeping plain of 

 Wiltshire and Hampshire, are gradually coming under 

 tillage the chief crops being grain, turnips, clover, and 

 sainfoin. 



The soils derived from the decomposition of rocks con- 

 taining magnesia such as the dolomite of the Permian, 

 which ranges from Nottingham, through Derbyshire 

 and Yorkshire, to Tynemonth, and the serpentines of 

 Cornwall are rich, but perhaps less so than those 

 derived from ordinary calcareous strata. The Lizard 

 Downs are, however, reckoned fine pasture-land ; the 

 cultivated parts are amongst the best corn-lands in the 

 county, and agriculturists agree that the land in the 

 Permian tracts is extremely fertile. 



The tertiary beds of the basin of the Thames are for 

 the most part cultivated tracts, excepting where the 

 " Bagshot Sands " form the superficial stratum. These 

 are familiar to us as heathy wastes, such as Aldershot 

 Heath, Bagshot Heath, Hampstead Heath, etc., and have 

 been converted into camping and exercise grounds for 

 our troops and volunteers. 



The older palaeozoic rocks, although rich in minerals, 

 are generally barren, and seem peculiarly dreary and 

 desolate. This arises partly from the nature of the strata, 

 and partly from the circumstance that, occupying hilly 

 regions, they are to a great extent above the limits of the 

 growth of economic plants, even if within the reach of 

 ordinary agricultural operations. 



The Highlands of Scotland, composed of masses of 

 gneiss and granite, are heathy and barren, since their 

 hard rocky materials come almost everywhere bare to 

 the surface, forming a wild pastoral country, browsed by 

 black cattle, poor sheep, and red deer. The neighbour- 

 hood of Parys Mountain, in Anglesea, is singularly 

 marked by sterility and gloominess there is neither 

 shrub nor tree, and the barrenness is unrelieved even 

 by a single blade of grass. Other examples might be 

 adduced in illustration of the unproductive nature of 

 the soil of the oldest palaeozoic and metamorphic rocks. 

 But in all these regions the character of the surface will 

 be more or less modified by the occurrence of alluvial 

 deposits bordering the rivers, and by the presence of 

 a glacial drift the effect of denudation upon various 

 rocks, producing a favourable mixture of clay, sand, and 

 lime, which forms a rich soil. 



LESSONS IN GREEK. XXX. 



THE PERFECT, PLUPERFECT, AND OTHER TENSES. 



THE perfect stem is formed from the stem of the present by 

 adding K and prefixing the reduplicative augment, as Au-, \vic-, 

 \f\vn.- ; the tense itself is formed by adding to the stem the 

 person-endings. We are now speaking exclusively of the active 

 voice. Observe that, as <r is in general the sign of the future 

 and the first aorist, so ;: is the sign of the perfect and the plu- 

 perfect. Qualifications of these statements will appear as we 

 proceed. 



To form the stem of the pluperfect, prefix c to the stem of 

 the perfect ; thus, to \e\vn- I prefix f , and produce eAeAujc-, 

 which, when the person-endings are suffixed, constitutes the 



pluperfect tense. 

 . VOCABULARY 



AioSccpos, -ov, 6, Dio- i E7ri5ia>Ka>, 1 pur- 



-a, -oi>, 



womanly, belong- 

 ing to a woman. 

 ,-oi/, <5,Darius. , 



dorus. 

 EvSvea, I enter, I put 



sue. 



araSuaj, I go down, 

 sink. 



Kvptevu, I become 



master of, gain. 

 Mcwm, -ewy, 6, a 



, -ov, o, a Per- 



Tlo\e/j.ios, -ov, o, an 



enemy. 



npo(f>r)revci) (our word 

 prophesy), I fore- 

 tell. 



'SapSavairaXos, -ov, 6, 

 Sardanapalus. 



o, 



pKu7js, -cvs, 



Pherecydes. 



vev<a, I kill, slay, 



murder. 



o>, I beget, pro- 



duce; in the per- 



fect, I" am pro- 



duced, I have be- 



come. 



soothsayer, a di- 

 viner. 



MeAAw, I purpose, I 

 am on the point 

 of ; TO jueAAov, the 

 future. 

 Mr/8eia,-oj, T), Medea. 



EXERCISE 84. GREEK-ENGLISH. 



1. Ot ffTpaTicarai TUV iroKeu.uav 5i<r%iAioi/s SiaKoffiovs e$r t :eovT& 

 irevre ire<j>ovfVKao~iv. 2. <i>epeKu87js eAe-ye /J.7]5evi 6ty -rcOvtcevai. 

 3. Neos Tre<pvKias iroAAa xp"n ffTa fj.a.v6ai>f. 4. 'O /uayn; TO. /teA- 

 \ovra KdActfj irtirpo(pr)TfVKev. 5. Ta Te/ci/a ev TreiraiSeu/cas. 6. 

 Mr;8eia Ta TfKva irctyovevKvta X"P e ' / ' 7. Oi Aa/ceScuyUOj'iOi 

 FIAaTaias Kare\f\vKfffav. 8. SaoSavawdAos aToKrjv yvvaiKtia.y 

 tveStSuttei. 9. 'Ore ?;Aios KareSeSu/cei, oj TroAeutct tn \rjff iaoi>. 

 10. AAe^a^Bpos eirtSiuKitiv Aapeiov, TOV Tlepffuv /3tt<rjAa, iroAAcoj/ 



EXERCISE 85. ENGLISH-GREEK. 



1. I -have slain. 2. They have slain. 3. He had slain. 4. 

 They will slay. 5. He slew (first aorist). 6. We will slay. 7. 

 We have slain. 8. We had slain. 9. They will sacrifice. 10. 

 They have sacrificed. 11. They had sacrificed. 12. They sacri- 

 ficed. 13. The soothsayer sacrificed to the god. 14. The sooth- 

 sayer has sacrificed to the god one hundred oxen. 15. I educate 

 my children. 16. I was educating my children. 17. I will 

 educate my children. 18. I educated my children. 19. I have 

 educated my children. 20. I had educated my children. 21. 

 Alexander destroyed Babylon. 22. Alexander had destroyed 

 Babylon. 23. The boy puts on a woman's garment. 24. The 

 boy has put on a woman's garment. 25. The boy had put on a 

 woman's garment. 26. The boy will put on a woman's garment. 



REMARKS ON THIS EXERCISE. 



In forming the tenses of verbs compounded with prepositions, 

 the student is advised to drop the preposition while so doing, 

 restoring it afterwards. For instance, in evSvca I drop the tv t 

 and form the stems according to rule ; thus, 8t>-, 8v<r-, eSutr-, 

 oeSi/K-, fStSvK- ; ev-f-Sf-ov-K, that is, eveSeSvK. So with Ka-raXvca : 

 Au-, \vff-, e\vff-, \e\VK-, e\f\vit- ; KirreAeAuK : where observe that 

 Kara loses its final a before the vowel e. 



I have accented the proper names, as Diodorus, Sardana- 

 palus, etc., according to the Greek, the rule being that in proper 

 names, as well as generally, a long vowel in the Greek should 

 receive the stress of the voice in English. 



PRESENT AND IMPERFECT MIDDLE OR PASSIVE. 



The present middle or passive is formed from the stem of the 

 present active by adding opai, as Au-, Av-o/uai. Of opai the o 

 may be considered as a connecting vowel, and pai the person- 

 ending. This connecting vowel is seen in other persons of the 

 same tense ; thus, \v-o-/j.ai, Au-e-rai, \v-o-fj.f6ov, \v-e-ff6ov, \v-o- 

 fifOa, \v-e-ff6e, \v-o-vrai, where e and o are the connecting vowels 

 vowels, that is, that unite the stem with the person-endings. 



Tho imperfect middle or passive is formed by prefixing the 

 augment and changing ^ai into p.T)v thus, Auo^ai, e-\vo-(j.T)is. 

 It may also be formed from the imperfect active by changing 

 the active termination ov into the middle termination o/xrji/. 



VOCABULARY. 

 .8eA<J>oy, -ov, 6, a Epyafouat (from ep- 



brother. yov, work), I 



.TroSexo/xai, I re- i work. 



ceive, am favour- Ep%oM', I come, 



able to, welcome. 

 AuAoy, -ou, 6, a flute. 

 , ~ov t do- 

 mestic, belonging 

 to the country 



EiOe (with the opta- 

 tive), O that! 



go. 



Aavdavca (Latin, la- 

 teo), I lie hid, am 

 concealed. 



Latin, penuria ; 

 English, penury), 

 I am poor. 



FIpaTTO), I do ; Trpar- 

 TCO KaAcoj, I do 

 well (that is, I 

 am in a gocd con= 



dition). 



2TOCCT6Uti) (irOm (TTpdi- 



Tja, an army), I 

 make an expedi- 

 tion. 



^FeuSojU&i (from tyev- 

 Sos, a falsehood), 

 Hie. 



EXERCISE 86. GREEK-ENGLISH. 



1. Auo avSpe /j.axetr9ov. 2. Fevvaicas ^ax&)/x0a irepi rrjs irarp; 

 8os. 3. A.va.yKatoi' effri TOV vlov ireideffdai ry varpi. 4. IIoAXCi 



