THE POPULAR EDUCATOR. 



PROBLEM XL VIII. (Pig. 78). Two walls A and B form a 

 right angle, of these A is 40 with the picture plane. Height of 

 the watts, 9 feet 6 inches. Depth of A, 9 feet ; that of B, 7 feet. 

 The nearest angle of the wall A is 2 feet from the picture plane, 

 and 5 feet to the right of the eye. A doorway is in the wall A, 2 

 feet from the nearest end; width of doorway, 3 feet; height, 7 feet. 

 Horizontal line, 5 feet. Distance of the eye from the picture plane, 

 10 feet. Angle of sun's rays, 60 with the vertical, and parallel to 

 the plane of the picture. 



In this subject the pupil has to notice especially tho angles of 

 the wall and doorway, from which the lines parallel to the sun's 

 rays ar.e drawn. First, those of the door, where it will be seen 

 the sun's rays are drawn from the angles on the other side of the 

 wall, at tho top, and the projecting line of the rays for the edge 

 of the shadow on the ground ; the opposite edge of the shadow 

 on the ground of the doorway is drawn from the nearest angle 

 of the further perpendicular, because tho interior of that side 

 of the doorway is in light. After the lines of the shadow on 

 the ground have met the base of the opposite wall B, they are 

 drawn perpendicularly until they meet their respective inclined 

 lines or sun's rays ; the lino of the shadow on this wall of the 

 top of the doorway will be easily understood from the figure. 

 The greater portion of the edge of the shadow of the top of 

 the wall A falls on the opposite wall B to 6 and passes beyond 

 to the ground at d, determined by the ray from c, and the 

 horizontal line d e ; the small portion of the shadow on the 

 ground at d projected from the upper and near corner of the 

 wall A at c retires to VP 1 . Tho shadow of the angle of the wall 

 B on the ground is found from the outer angle of the two walls 

 On the further side projected at h; whilst the edge of the 

 shadow 7i, m of tho top of the wall retires to VP'-'. We give 

 those general directions as a guide during the process of con- 

 struction, in preference to giving a close description of the 

 work in detail, that our pupils may have the opportunity of 

 completing the drawing as an exercise. 



THE UNIVERSITIES. VIII. 



LONDON. I. 



THE University of London is essentially the university of self- 

 taught students, and the one most interesting, because the most 

 accessible to readers of the POPULAR EDUCATOR. Its degrees, 

 honours, and emoluments are open to all, without distinction of 

 sex, creed, or rank, and without the requirements of residence in 

 any college. The lists of successful candidates embrace students 

 of almost every nation and religion, ii om the ancient universities, 

 from what were once the peculiar colleges of the University of 

 London King's College, in the Strand, and University College, 

 in Gower Street from the universities of Scotland, Ireland, 

 India, and Australia, and from the public and private schools of 

 all parts of England ; while large numbers of students have not 

 only graduated successfully, but have attained honours and 

 exhibitions at the metropolitan university as the result of self- 

 tuition. It is not our purpose to discuss the advantages and 

 failings of such a university system. We are not disposed to 

 question the social benefit of college life, and of the indirect 

 intellectual and moral training which it involves. On the con- 

 irary, we deem residence one of the most valuable elements in 

 university education ; and tho high esteem in which the degrees 

 of the three older universities are universally held is due, in a 

 great measure, to the social connotation which they possess, to 

 the evidence which they afford of the refined and gentlemanly 

 as well as scholarly qualifications of those who hold them. But 

 to many the privileges and advantages of tho older university 

 system are impossibilities, as neither the time nor tho necessary 

 expenditure can bs spared. Such is the case with the sons of 

 the great majority of professional men and men of business, 

 and with the large number of earnest students who desire to 

 elevate themselves by means of education and to have their 

 attainments stamped by some competenb authority. Such stu- 

 dents are willing to work hard, and to submit with others 

 possessing greater advantages to a high examinational test of 

 their acquirements ; but they must read and study as they can. 

 Evening classes and lectures, night-work, mutual instruction, 

 and such works as the POPULAR EDUCATOR and similar publica- 

 tions, afford the only materials for preparation of which they 

 can avail themselvc.., but with these they are willing to enter 



the lists of competitive examinations. A university, therefore, 

 which stimulates self-tuition by permitting such candidates 

 both male and female to present themselves for its degrees, 

 honours, and prizes, and which, in its character of an examina- 

 tional board, demands high and comprehensive scholarship, 

 must be regarded as a necessary and useful supplement of any 

 university system which professes to be national, and is o c- 

 which will become more obviously so with the extension of 

 popular education and a taste and facilities for study. The 

 University of London effects this purpose ; and since its curri- 

 culum embraces the majority of the subjects taught in our 

 columns, and is an excellent test of the results of study ; and 

 since many of our readers have the honourable ambition to 

 possess some academical degree, we propose to indicate briefly 

 the course of study requisite, and the mode in which to proceed 

 for that purpose. 



We shall speak successively of the matriculation or entrance 

 examination of the university, which must be passed by all 

 candidates for degrees in the various faculties, and which is 

 often passed by those who have no intention of proceeding 

 further, and subsequently of the examinations for degrees in 

 arts, laws, and science. There is, however, a preliminary 

 question, the question of the expense of obtaining a degree, 

 which must first be dealt with. 



The following fees are payable to the university : 



At the matriculation examination 



intermediate examination for the degrees 



of bachelor of arts, laws, or science 

 final examination for those degrees . 



2 



12 



To this sum must be added, in estimating the total expenses of 

 graduating, the cost of tho necessary books, of travelling to 

 and from London or other place of examination in the provinces 

 on three occasions, and of living from home for an aggregate of 

 about three weeks. The total cost of obtaining the bachelor's 

 degree of the University of London can, therefore, seldom 

 exceed .50, including the purchase of books, and must be in 

 many cases less. 



Before proceeding to speak of the matriculation examination, 

 a word must also be said of the university itself. It is not, as 

 is very generally supposed, identical with University College in 

 Gower Street, or with King's College in the Strand, which, like 

 many other colleges and schools, have now the little more than 

 nominal connection of being affiliated to it. Burlington House, 

 in Piccadily, was formerly the home of tho university, but it 

 now boasts an appropriate and imposing building of its own, 

 erected by the Government, adjoining Burlington House. 



The first step in order to become a member of the university, 

 and to graduate in any of the faculties of arts, laws, science, 

 or medicine, is to prepare for the matriculation or entrance 

 examination, which must be passed by all candidates for 

 degrees, even though they may be graduates in arts of other 

 universities. Two matriculation examinations are held in each 

 year, the first commencing on the second Monday in January, 

 and the second on the third Monday in June. Intending can- 

 didates should in tho first instance either purchase a copy of 

 the University Calendar for the year or write to the registrar 

 of the university, and ask him to forward a copy of the regula- 

 tions for the time being, in which information will be found of 

 the general and special subjects of examination, and of the 

 places at which the examination will be held. 



One calendar month at least before the commencement of the 

 examination, each candidate must transmit to the registrar a 

 certificate showing that he has completed his sixteenth year, 

 upon the receipt of which the registrar will inform him of the 

 time appointed for the entry of his name upon tho register, 

 when the matriculation fee of 2 must be paid. 



Thus much of the preliminaries. In its general cbr.i'-scler 

 the matriculation examination, which lasts during five days. la 

 comprehensive, and includes a thorough knowledge of the 

 elements of the chief subjects of a good general education. It 

 is conducted by printed papers containing questions to be 

 answered in writing; and although the examiners have power 

 to put vina-voce questions, this is very seldom done. The 

 preparation for passing tho examination will demand some 

 conscientious work, and since the statistics of the university 

 show that fully half the candidates who present themselves 



