COMPARATIVE ANATOMY. 



f'i'l ' .'lamin.-, we rocommond oar students to 



i<> tHt their own kimwli-d^o a 

 pn'H.-ntiiitf themselves for < ;n.il incur 



It must also be romoml><<r<- ! Mi it although 



ii.n of thoae who pa88 ia dopcn . total 



niuiil.cr <( mark* gained for their papers, candidate* raunt 



the examiners by ol !.-.-i*t, the ininitiiiiiii "f 



'h of the several l>ru.ni'h"<, and that n timorous case* 



it each examination in which failure IR to be attribut.-d 



to d.'firi'Tu-y iu only one of the many subject*. Of those, 



, .unities, and natural philosophy appear to be the 



1 il, :in,i spcci.il attention should be paid to them. 



Candidates will not bo approved by the examiners unless they 



show a competent knowledge in each of the following subjects : 



1. Latin. 



J. Any ' .. of the following languages : 



(a) Greek ; (1) French ; (r) German ; and (<I) either 



Sanskrit or Arabic. 



3. The English Language, English History, and Modern 



Geography. 



4. Mathematics. 



5. Natural Philosophy. 



6. Chemistry. 



Of each of these we will now proceed to give details. 



MATHEMATICS. 



This branch includes 1. Arithmetic. 2. Algebra. 3. Geo- 

 metry. 



The questions in arithmetic and algebra form the subject of 

 one paper, for which three hours are allowed. 



1. Arithmetic. The arithmetical questions usually set involve 

 a knowledge of numeration and the theory of numbers,* in 

 addition to which the Calendar specifies " the ordinary rules," 

 which must be held to include those which ore known as the 

 first four rules, simple and compound, direct and inverse pro- 

 portion, simple and compound interest, discount, the purchase 

 of stocks, etc. The preponderance of questions in interest, 

 rule of three, and discount renders it desirable that special 

 attention should be paid to these rules. The addition, subtrac- 

 tion, multiplication, division, and reduction of vulgar and 

 decimal fractions, f and the extraction of the square root, must 

 also be carefully studied. The lessons in this work and most 

 of the ordinary school arithmetics will contain the information 

 requisite in this branch. 



2. Aliebra. In algebra knowledge is required of the pro- 

 cesses of simplification, addition, subtraction, multiplication, and 

 division of algebraical quantities, and some facility in perform- 

 ing these operations and in the solution of simple equations and 

 easy problems involving them must be acquired. Arithmetical 

 and geometrical progression, the formula) of which shonld bo 

 remembered, and algebraical proportion must also be read, and 

 their rationale mastered. 



3. Geometry. The first four books of Euclid are the subject of 

 a three hours' paper on geometry, which usually comprises one 

 or more propositions from each book, with simple deductions 

 from them. It is not, however, essentially necessary, though 

 highly desirable, that the latter shonld be done. The proposi- 

 tions should be rendered perfectly familiar, in order that they 

 may be readily written, and that time may be devoted to the 

 exercises upon them, which may require some thought. It ia 

 scarcely necessary to caution the student against merely com- 

 mitting the words and figures to memory without mastering the 

 various steps in the reasoning process. 



The examiners merely require that the latter shall be made 

 manifest. A symbolical Euclid will be useful to the stndent, 

 but, as few abbreviations are permitted at the examinations, it 

 is not desirable that it should be read alone. 



The less conventionally Euclid is studied the better, and we 

 recommend the student to construct carefully his own state- 

 ments and diagrams of the varions propositions. This ia a 

 work involving some time and thought, but its value ia on- 

 questionable. \ 



* See POPULAR EDUCATOR, " Lessons in Arithmetic," I. XVIII. 

 t POPULAR EDUCATOR, " Lessons in Arithmetic," XIX. XXV. 

 + POPULAR EDUCATOR, " Lessons in Algebra," I. XII. 

 Oalbraith and Huughtoii's " Manual of Algebra " is a good work 

 for the purpose of preparation. 



|| See the " Lessons in Geometry," in the POPULAR EDUCATOR. 



N ATI: MAI. 



Tho University Calendar used to sUte that the reqnisit* 

 knowledge of natural philosophy wa* such ai might be attain*! 

 by attending a conn* of experimental lecture* on the element* 

 of mechanic*, hydrostatic*, hydraulic*, pneumatic*, optics, ai .1 

 heat Bat this information was deceptive, and ill no longer 

 given. Attendance at such a course of lecture* im higiil.) 

 desirable for the take of the illustrative experiment*, I 

 subject will al*o demand considerable reading and tod% . 

 fact that the examinational statistics of the university show thin 

 paper to be a Tory fatal one to candidate* confirms the o| 

 we have exproMod, and induces us to recommend great atten- 

 tion to the principle* of a subject which in not susceptible u( 

 being crammed. Whichever work upon the subject may be 

 elected ahould bo read thoughtfully and with attention, and 

 the principles of the several sciences should be so thoroughly 

 mastered that they may be readily applied to the solution of 

 the questions submitted in the examination- room. * 



In mechanics the student must be able to explain and 

 illustrate the theory of the composition and resolution of 

 statical forces, to describe the simple machines, i.e., the pulley, 

 the lever, the inclined plane, and to answer question* depending 

 on the ratio of the power to the weight in each. The principle 

 of the centre of gravity, the general lawn of motion, and tut 

 law of the motion of falling bodies, must also be thorough!* 

 understood, and the chief experiment* illustrative of them must 

 be made so familiar to the student's mind that he may be ablo 

 to describe them readily on paper. 



In hydrostatics, hydraulics, and pneumatics the Calendar 

 directs attention to the pressure of liquids and gases, its equal 

 diffusion and variation with the depth, and to specific gravity, 

 and the modes of determining it. The principles of the action 

 of the barometer, the siphon, the common pump, the f 

 pump, and the air pump must also be studied, and, if possible, 

 the action of .these instruments should be observed with a view 

 to a written description of their working. 



In optics the examination ia limited to the laws of reflexion 

 and refraction, and the formation of images by mirror* and 

 simple lenses. Heat includes a knowledge of it* sources ; ex- 

 pansion ; thermometers, and the relations between various scale* 

 in common use ; the difference between temperature and quantity 

 of heat; specific and latent heat; calorimeters; liquef 

 ebullition ; evaporation ; conduction ; convection ; and radiation. 



Thus only the elementary principles of light and heat are 

 dealt with, but the stndent is nevertheless advised to thoroughly 

 familiarise himself with the general principles of these science*, 

 since the omission to do so may prove embarrassing at the 

 examination, and the knowledge acquired will certainly not 

 only prove useful, but, from the position which science has 

 assumed as a prominent branch of general education, may now 

 be considered essential in a well-educated member of society. 



COMPARATIVE ANATOMY. XX. 



THIS class of the vertebrates, though popucBsing an exterral 

 configuration which apparently differs much from all othor 

 animals, is closely allied to, and may be considered as an 

 extremely modified reptilian type the two constituting a great 

 order, which Huxley calls Sauropsida. 



The rule, that animals are constructed according to their 

 habits and the medium in which they live and move, is beauti- 

 fully exemplified in birds. Their bones are extremely lipht, 

 and rendered still more no by being, in the majority of instance*, 

 permeated by air. The outer covering, or epidermis, which in 

 the preceding divisions we have seen variously modified, sl*o 

 undergoes a wonderful change, thus contributing to the same 

 end, and exhibiting a characteristic difference from the scnle- 

 olad cold-blooded animals we hare described. The cntiole 

 appears no longer as scales, but a* closely aggregated append- 

 ages, or feathers, which closely envelop the body, for the double 



The "Elements of Natural Philosophy," by the Rev. Profcswvr 

 Hanghton, M.D., will be found useful work in prep&rinr for th 

 elimination. The Lemons in Natural Philosophy in the POPULAR 

 EDUCATOR will also prove extremely useful. 



