276 



THE POPULAR EDUCATOR. 



quantity of gold and silver was dug up in Spain. 12. The soldiers, 

 seized with fury, stabbed their general. 13. The horse suddenly fell, 

 and threw the consul off upon his head. 



EXERCISE 156. ENGLISH-LATIN. 



1. Convertesne facultatem tuam diccndi ad patriae perniciem ? 2. 

 Facultatem meam dicendi convertam ad omnium bouum. 3. Facul- 

 tatem suam dicendi ad patrife salutem conservationemque couvertit. 

 4. Proditor deprehensus in conspectu civium necabitur. 5. Cave ue 

 equus corruat, teque lapsum super caput effundat. 6. Militesne ducem 

 confodient ? 7. Hie liber vetustate exesus est. 8. lleg-iua iugeutem 

 hnmmorum numerum procudet. 9. Nuntius animum meum laceravit. 



10. Animus meus conspectu mortis mariti laceratus est. 11. Series 

 juvenesque vivendi cupiditate iucendentur. 12. Kon potes verum 

 videre, quamdiu error tua? rnenti offusus est. 13. In Italiam provectus 

 est. 14. Ad illas provehentur oras. 15. Dux urbern fortiter defeudit. 

 16. Urbs a civibus bene defendetur. 17. Britanuia3 colonise toto orbe 

 terraruin diffunduutur. 



EXEECISE 157. LATIN-ENGLISH. 



1. It is necessary that you should both learn and confirm that 

 which you have learnt by action. 2. Things ill-acquired depart ill. 

 3. As the swallows are present ?-, the summer time, but retire driven 

 off by the cold, so false friends are present in the prosperous period of 

 life ; but as soon as they see the winter of fortune, they all quickly 

 depart. 4. It is uncertain what is about to happen. 5. What has 

 fallen to the lot of each, that let each retain. C. Alexander grieved 

 that his old and guiltless friend Clitus had been killed by him. 7. To 

 have faithfully learnt the liberal arts softens the manners (of men), and 

 does not allow them to be barbarous. 8. Benefit attained through a 

 friend does not gratify so much as the love itself of a friend. 9. 

 Hannibal was not deceived (in thinking) that the enemy would carry 

 on the affair more fiercely than advisedly. 10. From the time when 

 money began to be in honour, the true honour of actions declined. 



11. The ancient wood fell which no one cut down with iron. 12. 

 Epaminondas is said to have played excellently on the lyre. 13. Cato 

 narrates that the ancient Romans, at their feasts, sang the praises and 

 virtues of illustrious men to the sound of the lute. 14. The signal is 

 given to the companies, and the horns and trumpets have sounded. 



EXERCISE 158. ENGLISH-LATIN. 



1. Gallina ovum pepSrit. 2. Gallina? ova parient. 3. Quot ova 

 gallinaj tuae in dies pariunt ? 4. Mater tua filium pepgrit. 5. Dux 

 publicis aedificiis non parcet. 6. Miles, furore captus, ducem sutiiu 

 occldit. 7. Putasne hostes rotate coufectis parsurcs esse ? 8. Ignore 

 hostesue mulieribus iufantibusque pavsuri sint. 9. Induciee viginti 

 dierum pactas cum hoste sunt. 10. Voces concinuerunt. 11. Signo 

 dato, frater tuus cecVnit ad fides clarorum virorum laudes. 12. Viginti 

 millia militum nostrorum csesa sunt. 



EXERCISE 159. LATIN-ENGLISH. 

 1. Take for granted that every day has shone upon you as the last. 



2. The judges were so inflamed by the reply of Socrates that they con- 

 demned to death a most innocent man. 3. Kaasou, when it is grown 

 up and perfected, is rightly named wisdom. 4. The question is, if a 

 wise man has unknowingly received base for good coin, whether, when 

 he has discovered it, he will pass it for good. 5. It is incredible to 

 relate how easily the Bomans and the aborigines have incorporated. 



6. When money is coveted, and reason is not immediately applied to 

 correct that desire, that evil enters the veins and clings to the vitals. 



7. Endymion fell asleep, I know not when, on Latmus, a mountain in 

 Caria, and has not yet awaked. 8. An orator should abstain from 

 words which, on account of their age, have become obsolete. 9. Have 

 you at length recovered from the disease under which you laboured so 

 long ? 10. My wound, which seemed to have already healed up, has 

 now broken out afresh. 



EXERCISE 160. ENGLISH-LATIN. 

 1. Dies tibi illuxit supremus. 2. Dies fratri meo illuxitne supremus ? 



3. Stultis meis verbis pater exarsit. 4. Judiees exardescere non 

 debent. 5. Inter Romanes Carthaginesque terribile bellum exarsit. 

 6. Nostris hostibus omnia exoleverunt. 7. nios adulterines nummos 

 pro bonis accepisti? 8. Imprudens accepi. 9. Nunc id rescivi, nee 

 eon pro bonis solvam. 10. Romani et aborigines brevi coaluerunt. 

 11. Endymion in monte cbdormiscet. 12. In pulvino obdormivi. 13. 

 Mnlta verba obsoleverunt, obsolescent multa verba. 14. Ardor meus 

 noa defervescet. 15. Vulnus recruduit. 16. Vulnera mea non con- 

 sanuerunt. 17. Nescio an mei vulnera patris consanuerint. 



RECREATIVE SCIENCE. V. 



THE REFLECTION OF LIGHT, AND DECEPTIONS WITH 

 PLANE AND CONCAVE MIREORS.-II. 



THE decoration of the walls of dwelling-rooms is a matter of 

 the greatest importance to those who have tasteful and elegant 

 ideas, and like to see themselves surrounded with objects of 

 beauty ; and it is well known that with the best intentions, and 



the assistance of a well-filled purse, how frequently the effect of 

 a room is destroyed by gaudily-framed engravings and oil- 

 paintings that do not harmonise with the paper-hangings. There 

 are very few, if any, optical contrivances which could be used for 

 wall-decorations, and therefore the convex mirror becomes a, 

 special favourite, and is found hanging in many tastefully-deco- 

 rated apartments. A room with a bow-window looking into a 

 flower-garden, used perhaps as a library, and having only a 

 plain paper on the walls, becomes enchanting when seen reflected 

 in miniature within the frame of a circular convex mirror, 

 which should have a plain oak frame with a few gilt stars upon 

 it. Convex mirrors are spoilt by being mounted in shining gi 

 frames ; the reflection of the light from the glass is quite bri 

 liant enough, and will make a room look light and cheerful tha 

 might otherwise be condemned as a dull one. People often 

 wonder why objects should be reduced when seen in a convex 

 mirror ; something has been done to explain this by Fig. 7 (page 

 249), and the next will demonstrate the manner in which the 

 face of a person looking into a convex mirror is diminished. 



One ray may be taken from the forehead (Fig. 8), and another 

 from the chin of course the rays reflected from the forehead 

 and chin cover the whole of the mirror but only a few can be 

 reflected to the eye ; thus the ray that falls at c enters the eye 

 at o, which, transferring every image along that line in which 

 it is reflected, sees the forehead in the line o c n ; the 

 same with the ray a r reflected to o, the line of vision will be 

 or s, and as the angle of vision is diminished, the face is 

 reduced in size. The student may copy this diagram, and, by 

 drawing other lines, try if any other rays can enter the eye 



Fig. 11. 



except those reflected from the part of the convex mirror 

 included within c r. 



The optical properties of a concave mirror are exactly the 

 reverse of a convex one. The concave enlarges the appearance 

 of objects. A small portion only of the surface of a convex mirror 

 reflects at any one time to the eye the image presented before 

 it, whilst a much larger surface of a concave mirror comes inte- 

 nse. This is well shown by the accompanying illustration (Fig. 

 9), reproduced from Walker's diagrams, published upwards of 

 sixty years ago. 



Rays issue from every part of the face upon all parts of the 

 mirror, but it is only a c that can paint the forehead ; that ray 

 is reflected to the eye from c, and as everything is seen along 

 that line in which the ray comes last to the eye, the mind puts 

 the lines a c and o c together, and they make the line o c d the 

 real distance which has been travelled by the ray from the 

 forehead, and where the forehead will be seen ; certainly rays 

 issue from the forehead and all parts of the mirror, but then rays 

 that fall on the mirror at x would be reflected to the chin 

 uselessly, since, as the same author shrewdly observes, we cannot 

 see with the chin. In short, it is only that particular place, c, 

 which (by the law of the angle of incidence and reflection) can 

 be reflected to the eye. 



The ray from the chin that falls upon the mirror at n, will, 

 by the same law, be reflected to the eye, and along the line 

 o n g the chin is visible. The whole visage being seen under 

 the angle d o g, must be greatly magnified. 



The opposite 'properties of convex and concave mirrors arc- 

 shown at once in Fig. 10, where the face of a, man, A, looking into 

 the convex surface of a b is reduced to that of a boy, and the face 

 B, gazing into the concave surface, is enlarged to that of a giant. 



Parallel rays converge to a focus when projected on to a 

 concave mirror. If the hand is held before a concave mirror, 



