292 



THE POPULAR EDUCATOR. 



Feb. 7. Sold to North and Co., Sugar.- W. India, 3 tierces = 24 cwt., 

 @ 44s. 6d. ; Brazil, 2 hhds. = 30 cwt., @ 29s. 3d.; Bengal, 2 hhds., 

 = 36 cwt.,@ 46s. 



Feb. 8. Drew 2 Bills on North and Co.: No. 21, due @ 1 mo., 100 ; 

 No. 22, due @ 2 mos., for balance. Received Cash for Bill No. 1. 



Feb. 9. Effected by W. Lloyd, on account of J. Fitzgerald, Berbice, 

 an Insurance on 1,050, on 30 tierces of Coffee, valued at 35 per 

 tierce, from Berbice to London, per Neptune, at 3 per cent. 

 premium; Policy 3 10s. ; our Commission on do., ^ per cent. 



Feb. 10. Sold to Duncan and Forbes, Coffee : Jamaica, good, 5 tierces 

 = 35 cwt., @ 88s. ; Mocha, garbled, 6 bales = 9 cwt., @ 103s. 

 Received Cash from Noble and Hoare, in repayment of loan, with 

 interest 5%. Paid Wages, 5. W. Collins and E. George, Travel- 

 ling Expenses, 7 7s. each. 



Feb. 12. Received Cash for Bill No. 15. Sold to Hunter and Co., 

 Tea . Congou, good, 10 chests = 800 Ibs., @ Is. 7jd. ; Congou, 

 finest, 9 chests = 720 Ibs., @ 2s. 7|-d. ; Gunpowder, 5 chests = 

 400 Ibs., @ 2s. 7d. Bought of J. Allport, Tea: Gunpowder, 50 

 chests = 4,000 Ibs., @ 2s. 6d. (Less 2| %). Bought of Bayley and 

 Co., Coffee -. Jamaica, good, 10 tierces = 70 cwt., @ 78s. ; Mocha, 

 garbled, 20 bales =30 cwt., @ 91s. Bought of Beed and Co., 

 Sugar : W. India, 10 tierces = 80 cwt., @ 32s. ; Brazil, 4 hhds. = 

 60 cwt., @ 20s. ; Bengal, 5 hhds. = 90 cwt., @ 35s. 



Feb. 13. Received Cash for Bills Nos. 2 and 3. Received Cash from 

 Hunter and Co. on ace., 100. Drew Bill No. 23 on Hunter and 

 Co., due @ 1 mo. for the balance of their ace. Accepted Bills : 

 No. 14, drawn by J. Allport, due @ 3 mos. ; No. 15, drawn by 

 Bayley and Co., due @ 3 mos., 200 ; No. 1C, do., due @ 4 mos. 

 for bal. ; No. 17, drawn by Reed and Co., due @ 4 mos. 



Feb. 14. Sold to Winter and Co., Tea : Souchong, 2 chests = 160 Ibs., 

 @ 2s. 5d. ; Hyson, 3 chests = 210 Ibs., @ 2s. 2d. ; Coffee : Rio, 4 

 Robins = 6 cwt., @ 47s. Received Cash same time. Sold to F. 

 Notley, TM.- Congou, good, 10 chests = 800 Ibs., @ Is. 7jd. ; 

 Congou, finest, 5 chests = 400 Ibs. , @ 2s. 7-Jd. 



Feb. 15. Received Cash for Bill No. 16. Drew Bill No. 24 on F. 

 Notley, due @ 1 mo. Sold to H. Paton, Tea : Congou, good, 10 

 chests = 800 Ibs., @ Is. 8d. Sold to Fox and Co., Tea : Souchong, 

 8 chests = 640 Ibs., @ 2s. 4jd. ; Hyson, 3 chests = 210 Ibs., @ 

 2s. l|d. 



Feb. 16. Sold to Edwards and Co., Coffee .- Mocha, ungarbled, 5 bales 

 == 10 cwt., @ 82s. ; Costa Rica, 5 bags = 7J cwt., @ 70s. Sold 

 to H. Meredith, Coffee : Jamaica, fine, 2 tierces = 14 cwt., @ 114s. 

 Bought of Keene and Ross, Tea: Congou, good, 50 chests = 

 4,000 lbs.,@ Is. 5d. ; Congou, finest, 50 chests = 4,000 Ibs., @ 

 2s. 4d. Bought of J. Vavasseur, Tea : Souchong, 25 chests = 

 2,000 Ibs., @2s. 2d. ; Hyson, 20 chests = 1,400 Ibs., @ 2s. 



Feb. 17. Received Cash from Fox and Co. Drew out of Cash, Petty 

 Cash, 10 ; J. Evans, Private ace., 10; J. Hay ward, Private ace., 

 10. Paid Wages, 5. W. Collins and E. George, Travelling 

 Expenses, 7 7s. each. 



Feb. 19. Accepted Bills : No. 18, drawn by Keene and Ross, due @ 

 3 mos., one-half of ace. ; No. 19, do., due @ 4 mos., balance of 

 ace. ; No. 20, drawn by J. Vavasseur, due @ 3 mos. Received 

 Cash from H. Paton ; Bills, No. '25, from Edwards and Co., due 

 26th Feb. ; No. 26, from H. Meredith, due 5th March. 



Feb. 20. Sold to Dean and Son, Tea : Congou, good, 10 chests = 800 

 Ibs., @ Is. 6|d. Sold to G. Finlan, Tea : Souchong, 10 chests = 

 800 Ibs., @ 2s. 5d. Sold to N. Reynolds, Tea -. Gunpowder, 5 chests 

 = 400 Ibs., @ 2s. 8d. Bought of J. Gilbertson, Coffee : Mocha, 

 ungarbled, 20 bales = 40 cwt., @ 72s. ; Costa Rica, 20 bags = 

 30 cwt.,@ 60s.; Rio, 20 Robins = 30 cwt., @ 37s. Bought of 

 H. Bateman and Son, Coffee : Jamaica, fine, 10 tierces = 70 cwt., 



Feb. 21. Sold to F. Nicholls, Tea -. Congou, finest, 10 chests == 800 

 Ibs., @ 2s. 6d. ; Hyson, 2 chests = 140 Ibs., @ 2s. 2d. Sold to 

 Atkins and Fry, Coffee : Jamaica, good, 1 tierce = 7 cwt., @ 87s. ; 

 Sugar : W. India, 1 tierce = 8 cwt.,@ 40s. Sold to Wardlaw and 

 Co., Tea .- Congou, good, 10 chests = 800 Ibs., @ Is. 6d.; Congou, 

 finest, 5 chests = 400 Ibs., @ 2s. 6d. Sold to Mears and Fry, 

 Coffee : Mocha, ungarbled, 5 bales = 10 cwt., @ 80s. ; Costa Rica, 

 6 bags = 9 r.wt., @ 70s. 



LESSONS IN GEOLOGY. XIV. 



WE now enter upon the fossiliferous strata. Hitherto, all 

 attempts to discover signs of organic remains in the igneous 

 and metamorphic rocks have failed, and this fact at present 

 rises as a well-defined wall of demarcation, separating all the 

 lower rocks from the first great system, the Silurian. Before 

 we enter upon that well-defined series of rocks, so ably described 

 by Sir Roderick Murchison in his " Siluria," we must notice a 

 small group which occupies an intermediate position between 

 the metamorphic system and the Silurian. 



This sub-system, if we may so use the word, has been 

 described as existing in England, in Bohemia, and in Canada. 

 The Bohemian and English rocks are of the same period, 



whereas the Canadian group are more closely connected with 

 the metamorphic rocks. Since they are largely developed in 

 North Wales, the term " Cambrian " has been applied to them, 

 as Cambria was the ancient name of that part of the Princi- 

 pality. The American rocks of this group have been studied 

 chiefly by Sir W. E. Logan, and from the fact that their chief 

 development occurs in the neighbourhood of the St. Lawrence, 

 they have been termed Laurentian. This sub-system is thus 

 tabulated : 



CAMBRIAN GROUP. 



1. Upper Cambrian rocks (the primordial zone of Barrande). 



2. Lower Cambrian rocks (Longmynd group). 



LAURENTIAN GKOUP. 

 1. Upper Laurentian. | 2. Lower Laurentian. 



The Laurentian Rocks are known to occupy an area of 200,000 

 square miles, and frequently they attain a thickness of 30,000 

 feet, the upper group being 10,000 and the lower 20,000. The 

 rocks are stratified, yet crystalline gneiss, mica-schist, quartzite, 

 and limestone are all represented. As yet, the upper group has 

 afforded no fossils; whereas, in 1859, Sir W. Logan discovered 

 an organic remain in the lower Laurentian. This is the oldest 

 fossil as yet discovered. It appears to be a foraminifer, and 

 bears a similarity to the well-known nummulite ; it has been 

 called the Eozoon Canadense. 



The Lower Cambrian or Longmynd group is composed of 

 sandstones, which are found in the Longmynd hills to be some 

 6,000 feet thick, and of the Llanberis slates. The sandstones 

 are often rippled, proving that once they were the shores of a 

 sea which were left dry at low water. The rocks bear evidence 

 of the existence of myriads of annelides, of which there appear 

 to be four or five species. The slates are about 3,000 feet thick, 

 and are developed on the coast of Ireland, directly opposite 

 Anglesea. Here are found the oldest fossils in Europe, two 

 zoophytes to which Professor E. Forbes gave the name of Old- 

 hamia. In Fig. 28 and Fig. 29 are drawn the two species, Old- 

 hamia antiqua and O. radiata. The whole thickness of the 

 Longmynd group is about 10,000 feet. 



The Upper Cambrian contains the Tremadoc slates, which lie 

 upon the Lingula flags, these latter being 6,000 feet thick, while 

 the slates are but 2,000. The group bears evidence of a great 

 advance in life, both as to the number of species as well as 

 their superior development. That remarkable crustacean, the 

 Trilobite, so characteristic of the Silurian system, begins to 

 appear ; while in the upper part of the group the BelleropJwn 

 orthoceratite and the Theca find representatives. 



Mons. Barrande in 1846 gave to the world his laborious 

 researches on the geology of Bohemia, which he had studied for 

 ten years. The result is, that these Bohemian strata have been 

 found to correspond with the Cambrian. Barrande termed the 

 lowest group " Primordial," because he believed that in these 

 rocks the earliest indications of life were found ; but, as this is 

 not the case, the term is gradually becoming obsolete. Many 

 geologists hold that the Cambrian rocks were deposited at a 

 time when the first creations of life took place upon the earth. 

 But suppose that the metamorphic action had extended through 

 the Silurian and Devonian strata, obliterating all traces of 

 organic remains, then the carboniferous system would have 

 been the first in which fossils were found ; and in Ireland there 

 is a large area, covered by sandstones which belong to this 

 period, utterly destitute of fossils. It would have been argued 

 that at the time of the deposition of these sandstones there 

 was no life upon the earth, and that the creation of life took 

 place at a subsequent period. How fallacious would the rea- 

 soning prove ! And it may be that the Cambrians occupy much 

 the same position as the yellow sandstones of Ireland in our 

 supposition. The metamorphic rocks beneath may have once 

 been very fossiliferous strata, which have undergone a total 

 alteration and all traces of organisms obliterated, and for some 

 reason or other the Cambrian group were deposited in such a 

 position as to preclude the burying of many organic remains. 

 Yet it must be confessed that this supposition is hardly credible; 

 because, had the carboniferous strata, as above supposed, been 

 the first to contain fossils, we should have suddenly found our- 

 selves in the midst of a highly-developed flora and fauna, 

 whereas in the Cambrians only very low types of life are found. 

 The Oldhamia, for example, for a long time was believed to 

 be of a vegetable origin. Every appearance seems to indicate 



