'I' UK UNIVERSITY 



331 



'I'll.' bones of Hi. .-. are, flrnt, a broad and expanded 



. V'., 1 ) in the thoracic, 



iiiiioininiittt i . m extremity. The blade-bone may 



or may not have a clavicle or collar-bone attached to it.* 



inn and thigh bones are single, and called respectively 

 tlio huineruH (_') and femur (7). The fore-arm and leg hare 

 eaoh two bonus, viz., radius and ulna (3), and tibia and 

 fibula (8). The bones of the hand and foot are very vari- 

 >, 6, 10, 11). Man has five digit*; the bat also five, 

 but tin) thumb ia small ; while the other digits are very 

 long and connected together by a fold of skin derived from 

 t la body, and continued along the whole length of 

 the hind legs. The horse baa only one perfect toe, and two 

 imperfect ones; the perfect too is inclosed in a mass of horny 

 , called a hoof. Tho toes of the carnivora are armed with 

 claws ; and many, as the well-known cat, have their feet padded 

 with an elastic cushion, to enable thorn to tread noiselessly, and 

 thin take their prey unawares. The ruminants have a cloven 

 hoof, having two toes on eaoh foot. Besides these, there are a 

 variety of modifications. Some animals walk on the sole of the 

 foot, as man, bears, and badgers, and are called plantigrades. 

 Others walk on the extremities of their toes, as the horse, and 

 many of the carnivora ; these are called digitigrades. Professor 

 Owen adds a pinnigrado class, as the seal tribe, which have both 

 fore and hind feet expanded into broad webbed paddles for 

 swimming. In our next lesson we shall give the classification 

 of the mammalia, etc. 



THE 



UNIVERSITIES. IX. 



LONDON. H. 



I I I. C H E M I S T R Y. 



THIS branch of the examination will perhaps be found difficult, 

 unless some recourse can be hod to experimental teaching. And 

 yet the subjects of the examination are purely elementary in 

 character, and by the aid of experimental teaching all difficulty 

 should vanish. In many of our large towns some kind of ex- 

 perimental practice will not be difficult of attainment, and eveii 

 when such is not the case the apparatus which is absolutely 

 requisite is not very expensive. But the performance of some 

 experiments is very desirable, and cannot be too strongly 

 recommended. Some medical friend will probably be most 

 qualified to suggest the best method in which to proceed for 

 this purpose. The principal subjects of the examination in 

 Chemistry are enumerated in the University Calendar as 

 follows : 



Chemistry of the Non-metallic elements ; including their 

 compounds as enumerated below their chief physical and 

 chemical characters- -their preparation and their characteristic 

 tests. 



Oxygen, Hydrogen, Carbon, Nitrogen. Chlorine, Bromine, 

 Iodine, Fluorine. Sulphur, Phosphorus, Silicon. 



Combining proportions by weight and by volume. General 

 nature of Acids, Bases, and Salts. Symbols and Nomenclature. 



The Atmosphere its constitution; effects of Animal and 

 Vegetable Life upon its composition. 



Combustion. Structure and properties of Flame. Nature 

 and composition of ordinary Fuel. 



Water. Chemical peculiarities of Natural Waters, such as 

 Rain Water, River Water, Spring Water, Sea Water. 



Carbonic Acid, Carbonic Oxide. Oxides and Acids of Nitro- 

 gen. Ammonia. Olefiant Gas, Marsh Gas, Sulphurous and 

 Sulphuric Acids, Sulphuretted Hydrogen. 



Hydrochloric Acid. Phosphoric Acid and Phosphuretted 

 Hydrogen. Silica. 



One paper is set in Chemistry, for which three hours are 

 allowed. Its prwr execution involves a general and accurate 

 knowledge of tlio elements of Inorganic Chemistry ; and, as the 

 subject is comparatively new to most of those who propose to 

 matriculate, and the paper usual!;- somewhat fatal to candidates, 

 it is desirable that preparation for this portion of the examina- 

 tion should be commenced early, and steadily pursued. The 

 subject is exceedingly interesting and practically useful, and 

 the difficulties of its study rapidly disappear. The " Lessons 



* The collar-bone is absent In the cetacen, hyrax, elephant, ungulutu, 

 and in some of the caruivora it is a mere rudiment. 



In Chemistry" in the POPULAR EDUCATOR, which have the 

 great merit of simplicity und numerous ill nutritive diagram*, 

 may be most advantageously read, especially M genera! 

 introduction to the subject. 



IV. CLAMIC*. 



The clauioal knowledge required consist* of on* Latin ob- 

 ject, announced in the University Calendar one year and a half 

 prior to eaoh examination. Thin subject oonnista of a small 

 portion of Virgil, Horace, Ballast, Cmar, Livy, Cioero, or Grid. 



Candidates must be prepared to write with facility a fairly 

 literal translation of any pateage from the selected author ; and 

 for this purpose, in the cane of self-teaching student*, it may be 

 necessary and even desirable to procure some translation for 

 reference on points of difficulty, and as a test of accuracy. 

 Those published in Bonn's classical series will best answer the 

 end in view. Bat such works mast be ased with caution ; and, 

 if they can possibly be dispensed with, not at all. There i* 

 much reason in the almost universal condemnation of such aid* 

 by educational authorities. But there are cases in which some 

 such assistance is indispensable in those in which there is no 

 master or friend to whom to refer a difficulty, no mutual assist 

 ance on the part of members of the same class. Under these 

 circumstances a key may, we think, be used with advantage ; 

 but we repeat the caution that it should be rarely resorted to, 

 and only in cases of extreme difficulty, and as a substitute for a 

 master. The student most, in addition to the translation, 

 render himself acquainted with the outlines of the life and 

 times of the selected author, and with the chief allusions 

 geographical, historical, and mythological in the text. 



Tho classical papers also include questions in grammar, 

 history, and geography ; and a separate paper is set in Latin 

 grammar, which also contains simple and easy sentences of 

 English for translation into Latin prose. The grammatical 

 questions in the classical papers usually have reference to words 

 in the text, and we recommend the student to get up the syntax, 

 etymology, and chief peculiarities of the words made use of. 

 But the questions are not by any means confined to these ; and 

 as special stress is laid on accuracy in the answers to the ques- 

 tions in Latin grammar, this subject should be very carefully 

 prepared from a good grammar. In Latin grammar, the 

 declension of noons, adjectives, and pronouns, with the chief 

 exceptions to the general rules ; the formation of the genitive 

 plurals of the third declension ; the comparison of adjectives 

 and adverbs ; and the chief parts of those verbs whose perfects 

 and supines are irregularly formed, should be committed to 

 memory. The examination in Latin Prose Composition is of 

 the most elementary character, and frequently has reference to 

 the use of the subjunctive mood, Latin numerals and ordinals, 

 and the Roman calendar. 



The history of Rome most be carefully and diligently read, 

 and special attention should bo paid to the dates of the most 

 important events, the causes and chief battles of the wars, and 

 the leading features of the lives of the chief characters. 



Until 1873 Greek was one of the subjects prescribed in the 

 department of Classics at the Matriculation Examination. A 

 resolution, however, has since been passed by the Senate to 

 the effect " That Greek be no longer compulsory on can- 

 didates at the Matriculation Examination, but be ranked 

 as optional with French, German, and Sanskrit or Arabic ; so 

 that it shall be sufficient for any candidate to pass in any two 

 of these languages." 



V. THE* ENGLISH LANGUAGE, AND HISTOBT AND GEOGRAPHY. 



The English element of the Matriculation Examination will 

 invc'.ve considerable preparation, chiefly owing to the want of 

 attention usually bestowed upon the subject at primary and 

 secondary schools. The history and principles of the English 

 language and its grammatical structure must be carefully an-' 

 methodically studied. The grammatical and logical anai > 

 sentences ; the signification of Anglo-Saxon, Greek, and Latin 

 prefixes and affixes, and of the chief Anglo-Saxon inflections as 

 they influence English forms ; and the leading rales of syntax 

 should receive every attention.* 



Tin- paper on the outlines of English history is not usually a 

 difficult one. The questions embrace a period commencing with 



Soe upon all these points the " Lessons ia English " in the POTU- 



LAB EDCCATOa. 



