LESSONS :.l.\v 



yard.i high, we call it 5-1 foet, then add U7 to it, making it 81 ; 

 thu square root of whioh ia U. Thu visible horizon is therefore 



.iivo spoken of the earth as being round, but some will 

 i<> nun. I tlio elovatod mountain ranges and tablo- 

 i tic- one hand, and some deep depression* on the other, 

 uiul ;:u.i/n; that the-.' inti-rtVr with tlio general shape. If we 

 ri'iii.MiilnT, however, what a small proportion these amounts 

 bear to the actual diameter of the earth, we shall KM that they 

 ;.v inteuero with its general outline. The greatest ele- 

 - are only about fire miles, and there are only a few of 

 .!' thu diameter of tho earth ia about 8,000 miles. If, 

 en, \v >-urately represent these on a globe having a 



1 ; inches, we must make them ^ of an inch high ; 

 they miK'ht, in fact, be well represented by small grains of sand. 

 The thinnest, tissue-paper would fully represent the elevation of 

 tab!f-l in. Is, and minute scratches, almost invisible without a 

 ope, would show tho valleys of rivers or mountain 

 gorges. For all ordinary purposes, then, the earth may be con- 

 sidered as absolutely spherical. 



LESSONS IN ITALIAN. XVIII. 



THE PREPOSITION IN. 

 THE preposition in denotes being, continuance, or motion in the 



of a thing. It also denotes any kind of motion or 

 penetration into it. The idea of existence in a time or in a 

 certain condition, particularly in a certain state or disposition of 

 the mind, likewise requires the use of in. The preposition a, on 

 the contrary, merely expresses presence near or about a thing, or 

 motion, approach, and tendency to it. For example : 



E"-gli e nel niar-di-nt, in <jit<?l-la cd-me-ra, in cit-fd, in pidz-za, he is 



iu the garden, in that room, in the town, in tho square. 

 E'-gli an-drd in In-ghil-ter-ra, inl-spd-gna, he will go to England, to 



Spain. 

 NM' dn-no mil-le set-te cen-to, in the year 1700. 



/-NO td-qndn-to in K6-ma, he stayed a while in Rome. 

 Ge-sii Cri-sto nd-cque in Be-te-ltm-me, Jesus Christ was born in 



Bethlehem. 



.E'-gli mo-ri nel mtZ-lo tre cSn-to, he died in 1300. 

 Im-mtr-ge-re ri-no ncll' d-C'jtn, to plunge one iu the water. 

 E"-ijli t'-ra q.i in quest' i-stdn-te, he was here (in) this moment. 

 If-'jli e in. a-go-ni-a. he lies in the agonies of death. 

 .lis-se-re in c6l-l-ra, in gio'-ja, in af-jll.:i6-ne (i.e., nel-lo std-to di 



cul-le-rn, di gio-ja, di a/-;ti-tio-n), to be angry, cheerful, sad 



(i.e., in a state of auger, joy, affliction). 

 A-ver qudl-chc c6-sa in boc-ca, in ma-no, to have something in one's 



mouth, in one's hand. 



s-*e-rc, std-rc in cam-pd-gna, to be, reside in the country. 

 An-dd-re, en-trd-re in u-na chie-sa, to go into, enter a church. 

 Ca-scd-re in u-na fos-sa, to fall into a pit or hole. 

 Mct-te-re le md-ni in tu-sca, to put or thrust one's hands into 



one's pocket. 



Me-nd-re tl ca-rdl-Io in t-stdl-la, to lead a horse into the stable. 

 Sa-li-r in cd-me-ra, to go up into the room. 

 Vi-vt-va in un s-co-lo di bar-bd-rie, he lived in an age of barbarity. 



I have already remarked that the proper names of towns and 

 similar localities are exceptions to the above-stated rale, for they 

 have the preposition a as well as in placed before them, whenever 

 a stay or arrival in them is expressed ; for example, 6-gli stet-te 

 per tre dn-ni in (or a) R6-ma, he lived for three years in Borne ; 



pas-sd-ta i-o stSt-ti du-e mt-si a (or in) Fi-rSn-se, last 

 summer I lived two months in Florence. There is, however, a 

 shade of difference between the employment of a and in in such 

 cases, which will be at once understood by the following 

 examples : e in L'm-dra, in tho strictest sense of the word, 

 me:un a person being or an occurrence taking place within the 

 precincts properly called London ; while d a, L6n-dra, in tho 

 more enlarged or general meaning of the word, means a person 

 not necessarily being in, or an occurrence not necessarily taking 

 place within those precincts, but perhaps in the neighbourhood 

 of London e.g., Kensington. 



The motion to or towards a town or tillage, conformably to 

 the nature of the preposition, is always expressed by a. Motion 

 ' or towards (and, naturally, being or staying in) parts of the 

 rid, c minces, and islands, requires the preposition 



For example : 



-mo con lui a Pi-tro-bur-go, let us go with him to St. 

 Petersburg. 



Jf-'jli jrar.tl da H6-**-eo ptr r-car-.i FWiuM, h* deporUd tnm 



Munich to go to YUruna. 



I-o vd-do in 7-.ed-i.u. in l-ni-iia, I CO to Scotland, to Sweden. 

 ll 1! t-cui /u -ai.li-d.t<> uM' i-vj-U di Ci-pri t the pub* was 

 to (the inland of) Cyprus. 



", ho In In France, iu China. 

 lull' i-m-la. di Li-tbo, ho was bora In th UUu<l of Leebos. 



Usage allows the omission of the article after in before many 

 .uin familiarly known and constantly recurring hi conversa- 

 tion ; for example, 4-gli va ndl-la cd-me-ra, nil-la cit-t'i, n/l-ltf 

 chit-sa, ndl-la can-ti-tui, etc. ; or, i-gl\ va in cd-me-ra, incit-tt, in 

 | chv6-a, in can-ti-na, etc., he goes to tho room, to town, to church, 

 to the cellar, etc. 



re the words day, week, month, year, morning, evening, 

 w!i. u time is the subject, it w customary to omit the prepo- 

 sition in; for example, I' dn-no ch mo-ri U Ga-li-M-o, nd-cque U 

 Newton, iu the year in which Galileo died, Newton was born ; if 

 md-se ren-tu-ro, (in the) next month ; la tet-ti-md-na sc6r-$a, (in 

 the) last week ; la n6t-te che vif-ne, (in the) next night, etc. ; 

 instead of ncll' dn-no, nel md-se, etc. 



The words cii-sa, c6r-te, pa-ldz-zo, tcd-tro, lt-to, and iai-la 

 have a proper or original and a figurative signification. In tho 

 former case they demand the preposition in ; in the latter, the 

 preposition a (without an article) before them. For example : 



E'-gli e nJl-la c6r-te, nel pa-Iaz-io, 

 in. ted-tro, in Ut-to, in i-scu.6-la, in 

 cd-ta. 



E'-gli e a c<Jr-le, a pa-ldz-zo, a ted- 

 tro, a Ut-to, a icuo-la, a cu-sa. 



J'-o vd-do ntl-Ia cnr-ie, nel pa-l<i:- 

 to, nel ted-tro, nel let-to, jul-la tcuu- 

 la, ncl-la cd-sa. 



J'-o vd-do a cur-te, a pa-ld*-:o, a 

 (ed-tro, a Itt-to, a scuo-la, a cd-ta. 



He ia in the court-yard, in the 

 palace, in the theatre, in the bed, 

 in the school (i.e. building), in 

 the bouse. 



He is at court, at Guildhall, at 

 the play, Bide in bed at school, at 

 home. 



I go into the court-yard, in- 

 to the palace, into the theatre. 

 into the bed, into the school (.. 

 building), into the house. 



I go to court, to Guildhall, to 

 the play, to bed (i.e. to sleep), to 

 school, home. 



In addition to these nses, in has some indefinite meanings, 

 which will admit of several prepositions or adverbial expressions 

 for the purpose of translating them into English. For example, 

 by in : 



No-mi-nd-re, dl-re qu4l-c?M c5-a in la-U'-no, to name, say something 



in Latin. 



Sp-vd-r in Ih'-o, to hope in God. 

 lit ma-niJ-ra td-lc, iu such a manner. 

 By on or upon : 



Por-fa'-re qudl-che c6-sa in <I.>s-so, in i!-sta, \n c6r-po, to carry 

 something on one's back or shoulders, or about one's self, on 

 the head, on the body. 



Por-td-r scdr-pe in pit-di, to wear shoes on one's feet. 

 By round : 



Gli git-to il brdc-cio in col-lo (for tn-Ur-no tl ciSl-lo), he clasped 



him with the arm round his neck. 

 Jlts-so-li. u-na ea-U-na in go-la (for in-Wr-no Ia go-la), after having 



put a chain round his neck. 

 By to . 



Lt cac-cib di c6l-l in cJl-I, ho chased them from hill to hill. 

 Di tm-po in ttm-po, from time to time. 



Coii-/ic-cd-re in u-na cro-c, to fasten or nail something to a cross. 

 By towards : 



Jn rn mo-vtn-do d' bf-gli 6o-chj i rd-i, taming towards me the 



rays of her beautiful eyes. 

 By against : 



K(-da in M ri-rdl-to il jnl-po-lo, he saw the people rebelling against 



him. 

 By ae.- 



ii'iiar-du'-re in u-no, to look at one. 

 By in place of: 



A-dot-td-re u-no in jt-gliutf-lo, to take one in place of a coo, to 



adopt one. 

 By as . 



Dd-r qndl-che c6-*a. in do-no ad u-no, to give ono something as a 



present. 

 Df-ra qn<!!-c/i cS-sa in ii a tcii-M, to plead something or one's 



apology or excuse. 



Di-o, non m* un-jiu-Wr^o in jxc-ed-fo, O Lord, do not impute it 

 to me as a sin. 



