LESSONS IN EX<;usif. 



nifce is derived from the i found in the German ; aluo in the 

 l>iit.-li nioht, and the Friosio nift 



'i and slut, the former masculine, tho latter feminine, 

 come from the Teutonic Hohlotto (schlutt), du-t, jilth; whence 

 Hrhlutt.-ni (rtluddorn), to han>j /oust/ y, like ill-made, ragged, or 

 foul clothes ; to be aioivn';/. 



d and witch both oome from the German wiuson (Eng- 



' , wit, t<> know). 

 A third mode of indicating sex ia by a prefix. For example : 



3. SEX DENOTED BY A CUANUK AT THE BEGINNING. 



Jf<Uultit. Feminine. Masculine. Feminine. 



Manservant nmids-.rrvuut. Male relations female relations. 



M.ii" feinulo. Man woman. 



Male cliiM female child. A man cook a woman cook 



(cook-maid). 



In female, tho prefix fo ia in substance the same as the Greek 

 phn, in (f>vta (phu-o), /produce (found also in the Latin fni), and 

 BO denotes tho producer. Not dissimilar in its source is the 

 pri-tix too, which converts man into woman. 



To the class just spoken of may bo referred nouns in which 

 tho sex may bo considered as doubly indicated ; I refer to proper 

 names having before them a complimentary title : as, Master 

 John, Miss Jano, Mr. Seymour, Mrs. Egerton. 



In animal names, also, sex is marked by a prefixed word : as, 



GENDERS DENOTED BY A WORD PREFIXED. 



Matculine. Feminine. Masculine. Feminine. 



A mole (a he, a torn) 



cat 



A jack-ass 

 A dog-fox 

 A buck-rabbit 



11 *lj<- L.lt. 



A ho wolf a sha wolf. 



A male elephant a female elephant. 

 A cock sparrow a hen sparrow. 

 A cock pigeon a hen pigeon. 



a she ass. 

 a bitch fox. 

 a doe rabbit. 



The usages may, however, be inverted, and a suifix be em- 

 ployed instead of a prefix to denote the gender. For example : 



GENDER DENOTED BY A 8UKFIX. 



Masculine. Feminine. Masculine. Feminine. 



A turkey cock a turkey hen. A pea cock a pea hen. 



4. More commonly, gender is denoted by a suffix. For 

 example : 



GENDER DENOTED BY A WORD APPENDED. 



Masculine. Feminine. Masculine. Feminine. 



Bridegroom bride. Landlord landlady. 



Gentleman gentlewoman. Nobleman noblewoman. 



Grandfather grandmother. Widower widow. 

 Graudsire grandam. 



These instances require no explanation, except one : Widow 

 (from the Latin viduus, our void, and the Sanscrit vidhava, a 

 widow), denoting a woman who has lost her husband, becomes, 

 by the masculine suffix er (as in baker, builder, reader), widower, 

 a man who has lost his wife 



5. The last remark may lead to the question whether the ter- 

 minations which denote sex might not be more correctly set 

 forth as suffixes rather than as changes in the root or inflections. 

 By such changes, however, gender is signified. The termina- 

 tional changes employed to denote the feminine gender are a, 

 ess, ix, inc. 



GENDER INDICATED BY SEX-ENDINGS. 



.:< 



SolUa 



(Shepherd hepherdsos. 'i .. .- 



(Ml siffaonu Traitor 



.*or soujshsss, Visoooat sJMMHMJl 



Of these feminine terminations, namely a, ess, i*, and fa** 

 only one, that is **, can be said to be strictly English. For 

 instance, in in landgravine is German, as landgraf, landgraftx. 

 So the a in czarina and sultana are of foreign origin. The tar 

 initiation ix is the regular Latin feminine ending. So also, 

 according to Latham, is ess, being ir in another form ; es* (or 

 es), however, comes from the Saxon feminine noons in es, net, 

 nys, or nis, having a representation in the niss of the Germans, 

 as erlaubniss, f ., a permission. 



It ess u vernacular, it ought properly to be applied only to 

 masculine noons of Teutonic origin, otherwise hybrids are pro- 

 duced. Abbe** is a hybrid, being a cross between the Tectonic 

 and the Hebrew. Hybrids are numerous in English. 



Though ess is vernacular it cannot at pleasure be employed. 

 The tendency seems to be to restrict its use. Words which of 

 old appeared in the feminine form of ess, are no longer so 

 employed. The list I have given contains no words but such a* 

 are still in use. Nevertheless of some it may be said that their 

 employment is not common. Authoress, for instance, is rarely 

 heard from the lips of a well-educated Englishman, or found in 

 writings of unquestionable authority ; its employment seems to 

 be restricted to the case when you wish to give prominence to 

 the fact that the person spoken of is a female ; for example, 



" The author of that book, did you say ? rather speak of the authareti, 

 tor only a woman could have so penetrated the inner folds of the heart 

 and described the most delicate emotions so chastely, yet so truly.** 



EXERCISE IN PARSING. 



The task of a schoolmaster, laboriously prompting and urging an 

 indolent class, is worse than his who drives lazy horses along a sandy 

 road. 



The, tho definite article qualifying task. 

 Task, a common noun, made to refer to a particular task by the* 



use of the limiting or definite article the; task is a noon 



neuter, in the singular number ; the subject to the verb i*. 

 Of, a preposition forming with scJioolmastei; the Norman-French, 



or false genitive. 



A, from an, tho indefinite article qualifying schoolmaster. 

 Laboriously, an adverb qualifying prompting. 

 Prompting, a present participle, known by its ending in ing, and 



agreeing with schooitnosfer. 



And, a conjunction, connecting together prompting and urging. 

 Urging, a present participle from the transitive verb to urge r 



agreeing with sc/iooZmos<er. 



An, the indefinite article, which before a consonant becomes a. 

 Indolent, an adjective qualifying class ; indolent is made op of 



two Latin terms, in, not, and doleo, J am in pain, so that 



indolence is taking no pains. 

 Is, a part of the verb to be, present time, having for its subject 



task, or, in full, " tho task of a schoolmaster," etc. 

 Worse, an adjective qualifying task. 

 Than, an adverb of comparison. 

 His, a possessive pronoun, or the possessive case of the personal 



pronoun he ; if regarded in the former light, his agrees with 



task understood; if in the latter, it is governed by task 



understood. 



Who, a relative pronoun, the subject of the verb drive*. 

 Drives, a transitive verb, present time, having for its subject or 



nominative case the pronoun who. 

 Lazy, an adjective qualifying horses. 

 Horses, a common noun, in the plural number, the object to the 



verb drive*. 



Along, a preposition, made op of a and long. 

 A, the indefinite article from an, employed before a singular 



noun beginning with a consonant. 

 Sandy, an adjective qualifying rood. 

 Road, a common noun, of the neuter gender, singular number, 



dependent on the preposition along. 



If viewed etymologically, the sentence yields these results. 

 Of Saxon or Teutonic origin are these words, namely, the, of, a, 

 i*, worse, than, he, who, drive*, buy, horses, along, sandy road ; 

 of Celtic origin is task (tasg, a bond, a job) ; and of Latin 

 origin are laboriously, prompting, wtrin?, indolent. Schoolmaster 



