354 



THE POPULAR EDUCATOR. 



house-building, nor the exigencies of improved farming, 

 have yet caused to disappear. Most of the exogens valued 

 for their timber are found in England. The largest forests 

 are Crown property, and still grow oak for the navy. 

 Such are the New Forest, covering 400 square miles ; 

 the Forest of Dean, in Gloucestershire, of 144 square 

 miles, and others of smaller area. Many parts of histo- 

 rical note have long been disafforested, or thrown open 

 to common use. Dartmoor and Charnwood, for example, 

 are forests only in name. Science has lent the aid of 

 iron as a partial substitute for wood, and we annually 

 supplement our native stores by 4,000,000 loads of tim- 

 ber, 36 cwt. to the load, from British possessions and 

 foreign parts. 



The mountains and islands of Scotland are singularly 

 treeless and bare. There are, however, a few extensive 

 growths of fir, particularly in Aberdeen. The landed 

 proprietors have of late years beautified their estates 

 with larches, carrying out the behest of the laird of 

 Dumbiedikes, " Jock, when ye hae naething else to do, 

 ye maybe aye sticking in a tree; it will be growing, 

 Jock, when ye are sleeping." 



The chief -varieties of British timber trees are the 

 beech, the chestnut, the el in, the oak, and the lime. In 

 the south, the ash, the poplar, and the birch are spe- 

 cially numerous, and the Scotch fir reaches to the 

 northernmost parts of the islands. 



Great Britain contrasts with Ireland in the occupa- 

 tions of its inhabitants, a larger per-centage being en- 

 gaged in mining, manufactures, and commerce than in 

 the varied pursuits of agriculture. Of the three divi- 

 sions of Great Britain, only Wales shows a larger 

 per-centage of its population employed in agriculture 

 than in other forms of industry ; yet the wealthiest and 

 the densest parts are the mineral counties. To the 

 end of the eighteenth century, the people of England 

 and Scotland were more engaged in agriculture than 

 in. mining and manufacture ; but the development of 

 their mineral wealth has since been so great as to 

 transpose the respective industries, and the tendency 

 is at the present time still more rapidly in the same 

 direction. Agriculture advances absolutely, but rela- 

 tively it retrogrades. 



The subjoined tables will help to summarise and eluci- 

 date the details of the foregoing chapters. 



POPULATION OF THE UNITED KINGDOM, 1871. 

 Great Britain. Ireland. Total. 



England, 21,495,491") 



Scotland, 3,330,018 V 5,411,416 31,483,700 



Wales, 1,216,775) 



AVERAGE TO THE SQUARE MILE. 



Great Britain. Ireland. 



England . .419") 



Scotland . . 110 V = 293 166 



Wales . . 165 j 



DISTRIBUTION OF POPULATION ACCORDING TO OCCUPATIONS. 



Mining, Manufactures, Commerce. Agriculture. 

 England . . .17 per cent. 7'7 per cent. 



Scotland ... 18 8'8 



Wales . . . 10 11-4 . 



POPULATION ACCORDING TO COUNTIES. 



DENSEST POPULATION. 



Manufacturing or 

 Mining Counties. 

 8,974 to sq. mile. 

 1,494 

 750 



ENGLAND. 



Middlesex 



Lancashire 



Stafford 



West Eiding of 

 Yorkshire . 



Durham 



Cheshire . 



WALES. 



Glamorgan 



Flint 



Anglesea . 



LEAST POPULATION. 



Moorlands or Agricultural 



Counties. 



Westmoreland . 83 to sq. mile. 

 Cumberland . 145 

 North Eiding of 

 Yorkshire . 138 



670 



677 



509 



465 to sq. mile. 



288 



169 



Merioneth. 



77 to sq. mile. 



Of the cultivated land in England, 40 per cent, is 

 arable, and 60 per cent, meadows, pastures and marshes. 

 In Wales 30 per cent, is under tillage and 70 per cent, 

 is in pasture. 



DISTRICTS OF ARABLE HUSBANDRY. 



ENGLAND. Kent, Essex, Suffolk, Norfolk, Hampshire, Berkshire, Bed- 

 ford, Surrey, Sussex, Hertford, parts of Yorkshire and Lincoln- 

 shire, Durham, and Northumberland. 



SCOTLAND. The Lothians, Berwick, Dumfries, Ayr, Eenfrew, Lanark, 

 Fife, Carse of Gowrie, parts of Aberdeen, Elgin, and Nairn. 



DISTRICTS OF DAIRY HUSBANDRY. 



ENGLAND. Cheshire, Shropshire, Gloucester, Wiltshire, Buckingham, 

 Essex, York, Derby, Cambridge, Dorset, and Devon. 



PASTORAL AND CATTLE-REARING DISTRICTS. 

 Lincoln, Somerset, Leicester, Northampton, parts of Durham and o 

 the North and East Eidings of Yorkshire, and the Downs. 



PER-CENTAGE OF INHABITANTS ENGAGED IN AGRICULTURE. 



Lincolnshire, 16% ; other districts, as above, 10% to 14% ; Middlesex, 1%. 



LESSONS IN GREEK.XXXII. 



THE AUGMENTS. 

 THE AUGMENT AND THE EEDUPLICATION. 



THE augment is specifically the token of past time. Conse- 

 quently, it forms a part of the historical tenses namely, the 

 imperfect, the pluperfect, and the aorist ; but it is retained in 

 no other mood than the indicative. The perfect, thoug-h a prin- 

 cipal tense, takes a reduplication, and to this reduplicated form 

 an augment is prefixed to form the pluperfect. 



The augment, considered as distinct from the reduplication, 

 appears in two forms. Of these, one is called the Syllabic ; the 

 other the Temporal. 



THE SYLLABIC AUGMENT. 



The syllabic augment is an t, which in verbs whose root begins 

 with a consonant is prefixed to the stem of the imperfect and 

 the aorist, and to the reduplication in the pluperfect. Thereby 

 is the word augmented (hence the name) by one syllable in the 

 imperfect and the aorist, and by two syllables (including the 

 reduplication) in the pluperfect e.g., Avo>, imperfect e-Aiw, 

 aorist s-Avcra, pluperfect e 



When the root begins with p, the p is doubled before receiv- 

 ing the augment, as pnrru (I throiv), imperfect eppiirrov, aorist 

 eppifya.. 



In the three verbs jSouAo/uot (I ivill), Swa^ai (I am able), and 

 yueAAw (I intend), the augment sometimes, and especially in the 

 later writers, is r; instead of e ; as, imperfect rj/BouAo/j.rjj' as well 

 as ffiovXo/j.rit', aorist y fiovXridriv as well as /3ouArj07jc, imperfect 

 TjSvj/a/xrji' as well as Swa/j.r]v, aorist TjSvvriOr/v as well as fSwriBrjv 

 (instead of f^vva.a-6-fjv), imperfect Tj^teAAov as well as CjueAAoj/ : 

 the aorist is very seldom T 



THE TEMPORAL AUGMENT. 



The temporal augment is prefixed to verbs whose root begins 

 with a vowel, and consists in the lengthening of that vowel. 

 The lengthening is made by the conversion of a short vowel into 

 a long vowel ; thus 



a becomes 77, as 01701 (J lead), imp. r/yov, perf. TJX") p^up. Tjxef. 

 e 77, ,, eATn^co (I liope), imp. f}\Triov, perf. .TjATn/ca, 



plup. ri\iriKfiv. 

 i i, ,, tKt^evea (lentreat), imp. i/cerei/op, perf. t/cerewca, 



6 ' 01, (5juiAew (J accompany), imp. ajjUiAeop, perf. &jj.t. 



\T)Ka, plup. &fiL\r/Ketv. 

 v v, 'v.Qpifa (I insult), imp. 'vfipi&v, perf. 'vfipiKK, 



plup. ii&piKeiv. 

 a; ., ??, ,, alpaca (I take), imp. ypeov,-ovv, perf. -t/priKa, plup. 



av rjv, auAeco (I play on the flute), imp. yvXtov, -ovv, 



perf. TjuATj/ca, plup. riv\riKfiv. 

 01 cp, oi/CTia> (I pity), imp. tpKTiov, perf. (OKTIKO., plup. 



CpKTlKtll'. 



In alpece, ypovv, the a is lengthened into 77, and the i is sub- 

 script ; thus, 77. In auAeoi, t]v\ow, the a is simply lengthened 

 into the 77. In OI/CTIO>, WKTI^OV, the o is lengthened into u, and 

 the i is subscript ; thus, y. 



