LKSSON'S IN' (iKKKK. 



The augment does not appear in the verbs which begin with 



j, i, 0, a>, ov, and i, inasmuch as the initial syllables are already 



as TjTTauuai (/ submit, I am worse, inferior), perf. irrrrintu, 



rrmiTtp ; nrow (1 preu upon), aor. nroitra ; W*o i / 



, sleep), aor. 'inrirwcra ; u<pf\to> (I benefit), imp. ufytkow : OUTO(,'OI (7 



, imp. uvrafav; (IK<O (I yield), imp. (IKOP, aor. t{a. Et*aiw 



;) forma an exception, which, though but seldom, 



- tho < into TJ and nnderu ., thus giving rise 



se two forms, (tKafo?, nuafav ; tixcura, jjKa<ra ; 



Those verbs are also commonly without the augment whose 

 \vith u e.ij., fix"M a < (I J^oy)) KXM T !*' I 81 * often 

 Tji/xM 7 ? t '> but tho pluperfect is ijvy/jMt, the being augmented 

 into 77. Evpia-Ku (I jind) in good prose rejects the augment. 



Verbs which begin with & and a following vowel have in the 

 augmented form d instead of TJ, as <uw (a poetic word), I feel or 

 ,i<l, imp. diot>. In those which begin with d, at/, ot, and 

 a following vowel, there is no change for the augment, as d^Sifo- 

 fiai, / am </i.-/<''' '"<' imp. dTj8o/*Tji> ; auaiiw, / dry ny, imp. 

 ai/aicac ; oiai(,*a>, / >'>/, imp. 0(OKioyj also avdAKncw, J (i 

 though no vowel follows the d, has acdAaxra, avaAaxca, and also 

 af7)Aai<ra and art/Aa^-a. However, the poetic ofiSw (in prose 

 aSia), I sing, and ai'tro-w (Attic atro-a)), I rn.s/i, take the augment, 

 as TjtiSoj' (in proso jjSov), Tji'fa (Attic jja). Oio/icu, J think, imp. 

 tfo^v, <lii.--i not belong to this class, because the o following the 

 01 is not a part of the root. 



There is no augmcntal change, also, in some verbs beginning 

 with ot and a following consonant, as oiKovptia, I govern a Jiouse, 

 aorist oiKovprjtra ; oivi^w, I <' . imp. oivtfav ; oicocv, I 



indulge in vine, pcrf. mid. or pass, otvufntvos and also <pvuntvos ; 

 otcrrpau, I innd(U:n, aor. oiarpTjira. 



Tho following verbs beginning with have for their augment 

 ad of p : 



Eata, I permit, imp. tiuv, aor. tiaffa. 



EOifa, I accustom, aor. i<ra, perf. 0a, I am accustomed ; tura. 

 (from the stem c5), I establish, is poetic; in prose there 

 are only fiaa.fi.fvos and ftra/uevor, ground i,ii, instituting. 



'EAi<r<ra>, J :iiid, roll, porf. mid. or pass. t<Ai7/uai. 



'AKW, I draw, drag, aor. eiAxutra (stem, AKI>), ftAoc (stem, iA), 

 I took, commonly called tho aorist of aiptu, I choose, take. 



'Evofnat, I follow, imp. tiiro^v. 



Epya^ofj.at, I labour, perf. ttpyavnat. 



'EpTo> (Jpiri/i'w), I creep, aor. 2 tipitov. 



'EffTtaof, I entertain a guest, perf. fiaridica. 



EXW, I liave, aor. 2 tixov. 



The ensuing verbs take the syllabic augment instead of tho 



temporal ; namely 



Ayvvm, I break, aor. aa ; perf. 2 edya, I am broken. 

 'fi\iffitonat, I a.n leinij cauy]i,t, perf. taAwita, also ^Aw/ca, I am 



caught. 



'AvSacw, I please, imp. iavoavov, perf. 'd8a, aor. 2 tdSoi/. 

 fidtw, I push, imp. fiaOovv ; eometimes without augment, as 5iu>- 



floi/rro. 

 fii/eouai. / purchase, imp. fuvovfiyv, also uvovurjv. 



The verb topra^iw, I ce?eZ>ra<e a festival, takes the augment in 

 second syllable, as imp. twpro^oi/. This happens, also, in 



, I rcsem&ie, perf. 2 COIKO, I am Kic; oi, it ts iifeti/ ; plnp. 



ftfKflV. 



E\iro/jLou, I hope, perf. 2 toAira, plup. faiAreiv "^ .. 

 Epyca, I do, perf. 2 top^o, plnp. tupyt if ) " 



The following three verbs have both tho syllabic and tho 

 temporal augment ; tho aspirate of the root passes to the aug- 

 ment : 



'Opoeo, I behold, imp. twpcav, perf. icapaxa, twpa^ai. 

 Avoiyu, lopcn, imp. 0^*^70^, aor. avfta^a. (infin. acoi(at). 

 AAi<7Ko/ia<, lam being caught, aor. ia\a> (infin. a\wvai), also ^Awv. 



THE REDUPLICATION. 



The reduplication is used only when tho root begins with a 

 le consonant, or with a mute and a liquid, excepting verbs 

 inning with p, /3A, 7A, yv, which take the simple augment. 



Perfect. riuj><rr/cf. 



Aiw, I loose, AeAuKCt, tAsAufCfiv. 



UCD, I sacrifice, TfOvKu, rrfOvKtiv. 



*ureua>, I plant, <pt/rf vxa, tirpuTnn<iv. 



KttfAlKU, 

 KfKplKCL, 



vi/a, 



*A(.U'. 



rr*vft>irir. 



/3Aa*i/*a, 



Xopu, 7 dan*, 



j 



KAuu 

 Kplffe'. / 



Ilf tt>, 7 breatlie, 

 break, 



i, y /A 



BAai/w, 7 am lat] 

 ', 7 1/' 

 ', 7 maic Known, lyvvpiKo, 



Yet /3AoTw, 7 i/ijure, takes the reduplicative ; 



/3AaT, /3Aov|/w, 



Besides tho verbs that begin with p, 0A, 7*, yy, those verbs 

 alho take the simple augment whose root begins with a doable 

 consonant, or with two single consonants (provided they are 

 not u mute and a liquid), and those which begin with three con- 

 sonants; as 



Ptrftct. 



ZijAow, 7 am eager for, 

 Ztvou, I receive as a guest, 



, 1 sing to the lyre, 



, 7 sow, 

 KTIO>, 7 found, 



u, I fold, 



o>, I am a general, 



The two verbs /ji/itrja-Kw (root pea), 7 remind, and jcroofuu, I 

 acquire, though their root begins with two consonants which are 

 not a mute and a liquid, yet take the reduplication ; as fu/orjaxt*, 



/UC/UfTJfiai, (-/JLt-fJUfTJUriV ; KC-(fTT)Jia(, f-IC-fTTJ/lTJI'. 



Five verbs beginning with a liquid do not repeat that sound, 

 but take as augment , namely 



PtrftcL PlujurfKA. 



i, 7 get by lot, 

 Afy<a, ffv\\fy<a, I collect, 

 'Pfu, I say, (ipriKa, tiprjicttv. 



yifipojwu, I receive as my share. Elftaprai, it is resolved. 



AiaA7ojLuu, 7 discourse, has for its perfect 8iiAc7>uu, though 

 the simple A<7<i>, in the sense of 7 say, speak, has instead the 

 regular reduplication, Af \tyfiai. 



THE ATTIC REDUPLICATION. 



Several verbs beginning with a or c or o repeat in the perfect 

 and the pluperfect, before the temporal vowel, the two first 

 letters of the stem. This augmentation is called the Attic 

 reduplication. The pluperfect very seldom takes a new aug- 

 ment, as SuapoipvxTo, from opwav (I dig), fut opi/fw, perf. op- 

 a.-pyx a > pcrf. pass, or mid. op-<apvynai, plup. op- and wp-tapuy^rir. 

 In TjK-TjKotiv the pluperfect is regular. 



The temporal augment, as well as the reduplication, remains 

 in all the moods as well as in the participle. 



Tho Attic reduplication affects verbs of two classes : 



1. Verbs whoso stem-syllable is short by nature, e.g. 



Apuw, I plough, ap-Tjpora, op-Tjpo/uu, 



op-Tjpo/tf iv, ap-ripo/ujK. 

 i, 7 convince, fA-7jA7x, 



EAaw (cAaww), I drive, t A-rjAajto, ( 



A-T)AOCIK, 



, J dig, 



2. Verbs which in the second syllable of the stem hare a 



vowel long by nature, which after prefixing the augment they 



shorten ; except fp*5o>, J support, stem fp-ijpttica, p-i|pi 



AAt tipta, I anoint, aA-ijAi^a, aA-7jAiu>iai, 



A7* ip>, I collect, 

 , / h^ar, 

 , I atca&e, arouse, 



o7-rr>ptta, cry-ir/'puoi, 



TJU-TJICOfiJ', 



The verb 070*, 7 fad, forms also the second aorist active 

 and middle with this reduplication, on'y that the rowei of the 



