THE POPULAR EDUCATOR 



reduplication takes the temporal augment, and retains it in the 

 indicative, and the vowel of the stem remains pure ; as in the 

 following 

 Aya>, aor. 2 act. riy-ayov, inf. ayayeiv ; aor. 2 mid. fiy-ayop.T)v, 



inf. ayayeff9ui. 

 AUGMENT AND REDUPLICATION IN COMPOUND VERBS. 



Verbs compounded of a preposition and a verb take the aug- 

 ment between the verb and the preposition. In the change, 

 prepositions ending in a vowel (except irtpi and irpo) have the 

 vowel elided ; but irpo generally mingles by crasis with the e 

 of the augment, forming irpov : ex before the syllabic augment 

 becomes e|, and the v in ev and aw is either dropped or assimi- 

 lates itself to the initial consonant of the verb ; for example : 



Present. Imperfect. Perfect. Pluperfect. 



&TTo-pa\\w, aTT-e/SaAAoj/, aTro-jSejSATjKa, 



I throiu away. 

 Tlpo-0a\\ca, irpo-tfiaXXov, irpo-j8e/3A7?/ca, 



I throw before, irpovfia\\ov, irpov/3e^\r]Keiv. 



EK-0a\\u, e|-e)3aAAoi/, eK- 



I throw out. 



I collect, 

 -yiyvof^at, 

 I arise in. 



fv-tyiyvo/j.rii', ey-yfyova, 



I throw in. 



In a7ro/3aAAo!, the o of the preposition is dropped before the 

 vowel of e/SaAAoc, to prevent the hiatus occasioned by two 

 vowels coming immediately together ; but as in /3/3ArjKa the 

 reason ceases, so the o is resumed, and you have aTro/SejSArjKa ; 

 yet again a:r-)3ej8ArjKe/. In ffv\\tyu the A of the verb has 

 changed the v of the preposition into its own sound, namely, A ; 

 but when the preposition is not immediately subjected to the 

 form of the A, it resumes its own v, as in oweAeyor. 



Verbs which are made up of Svs, hardly, with difficulty, 

 take the augment of the reduplication (1) in front, or at the 

 beginning, when the root of the simple verb begins with a 

 consonant or with r; or 01 ; and (2) in the middle, when the 

 root of the simple verb begins with any other vowel except 17 

 and 01 ; e.g. 



Present. Imperfect. Perfect. Pluperfect. 



I am unfortunate. 



These two laws are observed by compounds of tu, well, 

 only that such compounds avoid the augment at the beginning ; 

 also evfpyereta, I do well to, I benefit, commonly avoids the aug- 

 ment in the middle ; e.g. 



Imperfect. 



Eu-Tu^eo), 1 am fortunate, Tr)v-Tux*ov, commonly 

 Ev-epyereu, I serve, ev-rtpyfreov, perf. fv-ripyfTTjKa, but 



commonly eu tpytTfov, 



Verbs derived from compound nouns or adjectives take the 

 augment at the beginning ; e.g. 



Imperfect. Perfect. 



Mvdo\oyfca, I narrate, (-(j.vQo\oyovv, /j.(fj.vdo\oyriKa. 



(from fj.vOo\oyos), 



OiKoSopfw, I build, (fKoSofjiow, <j>/co5ojur;Ka. 



(from oiKo8ofj.os), 



Some verbs compounded with prepositions take the augment 

 in both places, that is, in the root and in the preposition ; e.g. 



Present. Imperfect. Perfect. ^iorist. 



Avop6oca, yvcapOovv, yvcapQcaKU, ijvupBoii 



I set upright, 



Avexo[J.a.i, rivetxo/J.'rjv, 



I support. 



The analogy of these verbs is followed by two other verbs 

 which are not formed with the aid of prepositions, but by 

 derivation from other compounds ; e.g. 



(from Siaira, subsistence), I feed, imp. fSirjraov and Sty- 

 raov, aor. eSi^TTjcra and Str/rriffa, perf. SfSirirrjKa ; mid, 

 SioiTao/uai, 1 live, SI^TOO/XTJI'. 



c-w (from Sia/coyos, a servant, our deacon), I serve, imp 

 and SirjKoveoi', perf. 



As exceptions, some verbs compounded with prepositions take 

 the augment before the preposition. These are verbs in which 

 the preposition and the verb have so coalesced as to present the 

 signification of a simple verb ; e.g. 



'ofoi (voeca, I think), impf. 

 I am in doubt, 



Kpifvvv/jLi, aor. ti/j.rpie(ra, pf. m. or p. 



I put on, clothe, 



I dismiss, send forth, 



I sit myself, I sit down, 

 aftyyuai, I sit, 



imp. acptfov and 



and 



(Ka.Qrjjj.riv and Ka.drjfj.rjv. 



An apparent exception is offered by those verbs which are 

 formed not by a combination of a simple verb with a preposi- 

 tion, but from an already compounded word ; e.g. 



Imperfect. 



ai, I oppose (from tvafnos), t]vavTioofj.-t]v, 



npotpryrevca, I prophesy (from irpocprjTris), firpo<$>riTS\iot>, 



where evavTios is made up of tv, in, ani O.VTI, against; and TT/>O- 

 (/>TjT?7s is made up of irpo, before, and <(>r)(j.i, I say. 



EXERCISE 94. GREEK-ENGLISH. 



N.B. Tell the part and give the English of each of these 

 forms : 



1. Hvtapdow. 2. ETrapyi/ovv. 3. Hj/a>xA7;<ra. 4. 



5. ESiTj/coi/eo/'. 

 9. <j>Ko5o/.j/ca. 

 'I/cerewca. 14. 



8. E / uu0oAoyou>'. 

 12. HAiri/ca. 13. 

 u^oA"?^ 17. A^a- 

 . 21. Opia- 

 24. AvffrieffTovv, 



6. AirjTctOjUTjj'. 7. 

 10. EppiTTToj'. 11. Hyov. 



fljiuArjKa. 15. cpn-ruca. 16. 

 Aaxra. 18. Enro/j.T)v. 19. EKTIKHV. 20. 

 pvyficu. 22. ATrejSaAAoc. 23. 'Swecncfva^ov. 

 25. EvepyfTTjKa. 26. MeyuuOoAoyTj/co. 



The student should not only give the English and assign the 

 part (mood, tense, etc.), but explain the formation of each word, 

 giving the derivation, the manner in which the several parts 

 are produced, and the rule or remark which the formation 

 exemplifies, as set forth in what precedes. 



KEY TO EXERCISES IN LESSONS IN GREEK. XXXI. 

 EXERCISE 90. GREEK-ENGLISH. 



1. The enemy are making an expedition against our city. 2. We 

 will consult respecting the safety of the citizens. 3. The father told 

 me that he would go. 4. The Greeks made an expedition against the 

 Persians. 5. Let us rest, my friends. 6. Consult well before action. 

 7. All wish to taste honour. 8. The father will go when he has rested. 

 9. The gates will have been shut by night. 10. If such a man attends 

 to the constitution, it will have been well cared for (consulted about) . 



EXERCISE 91. ENGLISH-GREEK. 



1. Ufirat&fvtro/J.ai. 2. ri67rai3eu3-eTai. 3. Ueirai&fv^o/Jieda. 4. Tle</>vreviToi/Tai. 

 5. ne^iovutrerat. 6. 'O <TTpaTr)TOC firi ttiv no\m iropfvcreTai. 7. 'O a-rpaTtiyot 

 5Ti Tfjf woXi eiropfvaev. 8. 'O (nparnfos e?ri TJK jroTUy Tropeixrnrai. 9. 'O 

 crTpaTHTOf *TI T*IK TroKiv jropeucrairo. 10. Be/JouXeuu-o/icfa irtpi Ttif TrarpiJor 

 <ra>Tiip<ar. 11. Bou\eu<reTai wepi T>IV an? o'wTnp'ar. 12. Flepi Tfjr TOJX iroXnuv 

 crwTtipiar e/lovXeuo-aro. 13. Eirauo-avTO. 14. HeiravoroiTai. 15. IlaireTa<. 

 16. '1 Avo avUpoinia eiravaacrOtiv. 17. IlaucrojUeSa, <o $i\oi. 18. Oi <j>i\oi 

 iropevaovrai. 19. Oi <j>i\ot iropfva-oinai, 20. Ol ^>i\o ETropeuo-ai'TO. 



EXERCISE 92. GREEK-ENGLISH. 



1. Hector was slain by Achilles. 2. The two brothers were edu- 

 cated by the same teacher. 3. Many democracies were destroyed by 

 the usurpers. 4. Great fear possesses the citizens lest the treaty 

 should have been broken by the enemy. 5. Would that all youths 

 were well educated. 6. Death to thee (be t/iow slain), thou villain. 7. 

 The soldiers are said to have marched into the enemy's land. 8. The 

 enemy, having broken the treaty, are coming to war against ua (lit* 

 are bringing war against). 9. The robber shall be slain. 



EXERCISE 93. ENGLISH-GREEK. 



1. fcoi/eutftiToi/Ta!. 2. E<j>ovev9n<rav. 3. ~E,j>ovev9n- 4. Auo orpaTiura e<povev~ 

 drrrtv. 5. IIoXXoi avOpnirot <po\ievQ>]O-uinaLi. 6. Hai&ev8nao/j.ac. 7. UatievOrjr 

 trerat. 8. natt>evOri<rofj.e0a. 9. natStvDrtireirQov. 10. Eu irat?>fvOt]v. 11. 'H 

 woXireia (CaTcX0|. 12. 'H 7roXiTe,a KaTaXt/0n<reTai. 13. At aw6tvun Kare- 

 \v(>n<rav. 14 Ai avvt)r\K.ai KaTa\v9n<rvrai. 15. Tui> trutiOiJKtar \vf)et<r:<>v ol 

 TToXircu eQovtvOnaoiV. 16. Oi Xpjrat f<t>ovv6n<rav. 17. Oi Xpo-rat <j>ovfvQw<* 

 \Cfovrai. 18. 'H 3r)^ioKpaTia KaTa\v6n<rerai. 



