S82 



THE POPULAR EDUCATOR. 



of mankind ; and for such a country it is meet that her sons 

 should die. 



THUCYDIDES, II. 41. 



EupeAcoV 1 re Ac'yco ri\v re iruaav -KO\IV rrjs 'EAAciSos jraiSevo'iv 

 elvai Kal Ka9' tKOiO-rov ooKetv &v /J.OL rbv avrbv avSpa irap' fyucjp 2 

 eiri irKflffr' av elSri 3 Kal fj,era ^apiTcov 4 fj,d\to~r' av etiTpcure'Acos 

 rb cr&SjUa avrapKes Trape'^eo-fJcH. Kal cos ov \6ycov ev r<p irapovrt 

 it6/u,iros rdSe f,ia\\ov G -J) epytav early a\-ljdeia, avr^j f) 8vva/j.ts rf/s 

 TrcJAecos, fyv a.irb rcoVSe raiv r,p6ir(av eKrrio~dfj.e0a, ffrfu-aivet. fj,6vrj 

 yap TCOP vvv? O.KOTJS Kpfiffcrcov 9 es iretpav epxerat Kal u.6vt] ovre 

 rca Tro\e/j.i(f eiteXQovri ayavdKryffiv ex e ' 9 "fy' o'icav w KaKOiraQel, ovre 

 rep virriKOCjj Karate fjutyiv cos ol>x inr a^icav apxerat. fj.era /xeyaAcoy 

 5e o'Tj/xeicoi' Kal ov 8rj rol a/j.dprvpov u ye rr/v Svvafj.iv irapaffxd- 

 pevoi rots re vvv Kal rots eiretra 6avfj.ao~0rio-6u.eda, Kal ovSev 

 npocr$eou.evo; ovrt 'Qftfipov ewatverov^- ovre oVris eirefft /j.ev rb 

 avriKa repfyet, rcav S epytav 1 * rt]v inrovoiav r/ aArjfleja /SAaif'ei, 

 ttAAa iraffav fj,ev Od\a(T<rav Kal yr/v eV/Sarbj' 14 rrj rj/jierepa ro\u.ri 

 KaravayK<iffa.vres yeveffOat, iravraxov Se fj.vrifj.f7a /ca/ccop re 

 KayaOuv a'iSta ^vyKarotKiffavres. irepl roiavrris ovv Tr6\cas olSe 

 re yevvalws Si/ccuoDpTes 15 fj.ri a<paipedrivat avrrir fj.ax6fj.evot ere? 

 Kevrrjffav, Kal TcoV \etirofj,evuv 16 irdvra nva eiKbs de\eiv inrep avrrjs 

 Kdfj,vetv. 



NOTES. 



1. Swe\uiv, compendiously in a word, to sum up. 



2. Hap" >ijuu>>>, from amongst us. 



3. 'En-i nKtiat' av fii] vapexfadai. The three ai/'s in this sentence go 

 with irapixfffOai, adding to it the notion of probability : u'ould be ZifccZy 

 to offer his person to the state for the most various kinds of action. 



4. Merit \a.pir<av, gracefully. EuTpairt/Xur signifies the power of easily 

 turning (cu Tpeiru) one's faculties to different pursuits. Arnold trans- 

 1 ites it with, the happiest versatility. 



5. Aurap/cer, efficiently, so as to be of service. 



6. Ov ftz\\ov n- Translate, not so much as. 



7. Twv vvv i.e., rroXeoji/, of states at the present day. 



8. 'Axo/jr Kpeltrtriav, better than it is said to be, 'Axorj is used to signify 

 fame or rumour what you hear said of a man ; so, axovftv Kaxtuc is to be 

 ill spoltcn of, and male audire in Latin has the same meaning. So Milton, 

 " Paradise Lost," bk. iii., line 7 



" Or hear'st thou rather pure ethereal stream ? " 



which means, Or dost thou rather choose to be called pure ethereal 

 stream ? 



9. *A7aK;tKTt)T(K ?xe< (fxf for 7rap<?xei, ojfers or occasions), occasions no 

 indignation to an inuading enemy i.e., does not cause him to feel indig- 

 nation. 



10. '\'<p' o"a>v, at any evils he suffers. The [form of the sentence is con- 

 densed from W e-K6i'i>a>v ola KnKoxaBeT. The relative is said to be 

 attracted into the case of the antecedent. 



11. Ov Sr] TOI a/itiprupoi/, by no means unsupported by facts. 



12. 'Onwov firaiverov, a panegyrist like Homer. Of the value of a 

 poet's praise, Horace speaks when he says (Odes, iv. 25) 



" Vixere fortes ante Agamemnona 

 Multi : sed omnes illacri mabiles 

 Urgentur ignotique longa 



Nocte, cavent quia rate sacro." 



13. Tiuv 3t epfav, while the truth of the facts will damage the reputation 

 fJisy bear. He means that too often the poet's flowery descriptions are 

 overthrown by a knowledge of the actual facts which he relates. 



14. 'Eo-fiarbv, open to our daring. 



15. AiKcuoDi/Ter, etc., claiming not to lose her. 



16. Aemofj.vtav. The survivors who are still left to fight her battles. 



Our extracts from Thuoydides would not be complete without 

 one of his vivid accounts of a battle. The following 1 is part of 

 the story of one of the most famous naval engagements in the 

 course of the war, in which Phormio, the Athenian admiral, up- 

 held the supremacy of his country upon the sea. The Lacedae- 

 monian fleet was cruising round the opening of the Gulf of 

 Corinth, when Phormio came down upon them ; on perceiving 

 him they at once arranged their ships in a circle, with the prows 

 outward, " like the spokes of a wheel," and awaited his attack. 



THUCYDIDES, II. 84. 



Of Se 'A9r)vatoL Kara fj.iav vaiiv 1 rerayfj.evoi TT(pieir\eov" 

 avrovs KVK\q> Kal ^vvrjyov es 6\iyov, ev XPV 3 ^ irapaTrXeovres 

 i;al SoKrjffiv 4 Trapexovres avr'tKa ejj.fia\e'if Trpoei'prjTO 8' avrols virb 

 3>op/j.icavos /J.% firtxetpe'iv irplif tiv avros 5 a-r\fd\vrj. tf\irte yap 

 avruv ov fj.eve'tv rfa rdtv f Sxrirtp ev yfj ire&v, a\\a v/j.ire(re'iiTdai 

 irpbs dAA^jAas ras vavs Knl ra ir\ota rapax^v irape&tv, el r' 

 (Kirvevffat IK rov K&\irov rb irisev[j.a, oirep ava/jtevcav 6 re Trepteir\et 

 Sfo.1 eld/Qet yiyveaQat eirl rr^v eco, ovSeva y$6vov rio'vxdo'ftv aiirovs' 



Kal r^v eTTtxe'tp-rjffiv e<p' eavrcS 7 TC efo/J-L^v elvcu bv6rav @ov\i)rai, 

 rcav vewv afietvov Tr\eovo-<av, Kal rare Ka\\io-rrjv yiyveffdai. cos 

 Se TO re Trvev/j.a Karyet 8 Kal at vrjes ev b\iyq>^ ^'87; oSo~ai vir' 

 afj,(j)orep(av, rov re avefj,ov rcav re TT\oi<av a/j,a Trpoo~Kei/,j.ev<ai', 

 erapaffffovro, Kal vavs re vr)l Trpo&eTmrre Kal rots Kovrots 8i<adovvro, l{ * 

 fiorj re xpeo/iepot Kal irpbs oAATjAous avri<j>v\aKfi TE Kal AoiSopia 

 ovSfv Kar^Kovov ovre r&v irapayye\\ou.evci}v ovre TCOV KeAeuo'Tcoi' 11 

 Kal ras Kiairas aSuwroi ovres ev KXvSuvicp ava<f>epeiv avdpoyiroi 

 aTreipoi 1 ' ToTs KV0epvrjrais aTrei9eo~repas* 3 ras vavs irapelx ov i Tore 

 Sv; l4 Kara rbv Kaipbv rovrov o~r]/j.alvei, Kal ol 'Ad'rjva'ioi -Kpoaireffovres 

 TrpcvTOj/ fj.ev KaraSvovfft riav <rrparr]yiS(ai' vecov /J.iav, eireira Se Kal 

 Trdcras fi x' a P'h cr * MV 8ie(p6etpov, Kal Kareffrriffu.if es a\K$]v peii 

 firiSeva rpeireo~0at avruv inrb rys rapa^jfts, (pevyeiv 8' es Ilarpas 

 Kal Avfj,7]v rrjs 'Axo-'tas. 



NOTES. 



1. Kara jui'av vavv, in single file. 



2. riepiitrXeov fui/tj-yof. The force of the imperfect should be pre- 

 served in the translation : kept sailing round and contracting them. 



3. 'EK %pif, lit, on or close to the sfein. Sailing past so as to shave or graze 

 tliem. 



4. A6xi)<"v, etc., giving the impression, that they would come to blows at 

 once. 



5. Airot, himself, with his men lips. 



6. "On-ep (vvevna) utiafitviav. In expectation of -which he kept sailing round, 

 and which (supply oirep in nom. as subject to elwOei) usually happened 

 towards morning. 



7. 'E0' eai>T<j>, was in his own hands. Tore i.e., the favourable moment 

 when the breeze would aid him. 



8. KaTj7<, came down upon them. 



9. 'Ei/ 0X170), etc., when they were now conjliied in a narrow space by the 

 ships on each side of them. 



10. AttaOovvTo (observe the middle voice), kept pushing off each other. 



11. Ke\ev<rriav. It was the business of the K6\e<rTJ;f to make the 

 rowers keep time by singing to them. This, in the confusion, was now 

 inaudible, and the rowers consequently became unsteady. 



12. 'An-eipoi, unskilled in seamanship. The fighting men on board skip 

 consisted of ordinary land soldiers. 



13. 'ATretfleo-Tfpar, made the ships less capable of being managed by 

 the steersmen. 



14. Tore 3J;. The read T will notice the length of the previous sentence 

 as a good example of the manner of Thucydides. The description of the 

 situation is piled up bit by bit, and then this sentence comes in with sur- 

 prising force of contrast. 



TRANSLATION OP EXTRACT II. IN LAST READING. 

 Come now, and let us begin the chorus, since it hath seemed good to 

 unfold our strain of vengeance, and to tell how our company dis- 

 tributes the lots among mankind, and we believe that our justice is 

 unerring. To the man who holds forth his hands unstained no wrath 

 from us accrues, and all unharmed he passes his life. But whoever, 

 being a transgressor like this man, conceals his murder-stained hands, 

 he finds us sure to visit him as avengers of blood coming to the aid of 

 the dead with unerring testimony. Hear me, O Night ! Hear me, 

 mother mine, who barest me to the dead and living alike an avenger ! 

 Hear me, for Latona's son puts me to shame by robbing me of this 

 trembling one, my own peculiar victim to avenge a mother's murder ! 

 And over the consecrated victim comes this strain, delirious, dis- 

 tracting, disturbing the brain a hymn from the Furies, binding the 

 soul in chains, not sung to the lyre, a blight to men. 



LESSONS IN ASTRONOMY. VII. 



DIP OF THE HORIZON EFFECTS OF THE ATMOSPHERE 



REFRACTION TWILIGHT GREAT AND SMALL CIRCLES 



EQUINOCTIAL ECLIPTIC DECLINATION RIGHT ASCEN- 

 SION. 



THE " dip of the horizon" is a phrase which we sometimes meet 

 with, and in nautical observations an allowance has frequently 

 to be made for it ; we must therefore explain what is meant by 

 the expression. 



Let B c E (Fig. 8) represent the earth, and A the situation of 

 an observer above its surface. The circle BCD will represent 

 the sensible horizon, that is, the rays drawn from the point A 

 will touch the surface of the earth in a series of points which 

 are situated on this line. Now as we have already seen, the 

 more elevated the point A is, the larger will the circle BCD 

 become ; but at the same time the angle contained by the lines 

 A c, A B will become less, so that although a larger extent of the 

 surface is seen, yet it actually appears to be smaller. The 

 simplest illustration of this is afforded by means of a pair of 



