394 



THE POPULAR EDUCATOR. 



LESSONS IN GREEK. XXXIII. 



VEEBS PURE, IMPURE, AND LIQUID UNCONTRACTED 

 VERBS PURE. 



THE student has now obtained some general knowledge of the 

 Greek verb. If he has accurately acquired what has been set 

 forth, he will be able to construe the simpler forms of the lan- 

 guage. Let him make trial as to what he can do, and so tost 

 his progress, by putting into English a few verses of the first 

 chapter of the Gospel according to St. John. 



THE GOSPEL OF ST. JOHN, i. 1 10. 



1. Ei/ apxff ~n v b hoyos, /cot 6 \oyos t\v irpos TOV Qeov, KO.I Qeos 

 TJV 6 \oyos. 2. OUTOS TJV fv apxy npos f v fov. 3. Tlavra SY 

 OVTOV ejevero, /ecu x^P 15 wrov fyevero ov5e tv 6 yeyovev. 4. EC 

 avrea far] t\v, /ecu r\ a>7j t\v TO (peas Tcav uvdpcairiav. 5. Kcu TO epeos 

 fv TJJ ffKOTia cpatcet, /cat TJ ffxoria avro ov /careAa/Sev. 6. E-yei/ero 

 avGpanros aTTfo~ra\[j.ei>os irapa Qeov, ovofAa avrai \<aavvris. 7. OUTOS 

 t}Xdet> fis papTvpiav, iva fj.apTvpr]ffri irtpt rov (pcaTos, Iva. -jravres 

 tnffTfVffcaffi 6Y OUTOH. 8. OVK t\v fiteivos TO (pus, aAA' Iva. pap- 

 Tvprjffrj Trept TOV (peaTOS. 9. He TO (peas TO a\-r]Qivov, o <pa>Ttet 

 iravTa avOpeairov ep^o/uecoy ets TOV K0fffj.ov. 10. Ev Tea Koafjuf i)v, 

 KCU o K0fffj.os Si' O.VTOV fyevtTO, /cot o /cocr/xos ouTOf OVK eyvea. 



Verse 3. Here eyevero may require explanation. EyeveTo (i.e. 

 TracTo, ail things, a neuter plural with a singular verb, accord- 

 ing to rule), became or ivere produced, the second aorist (like 

 fAnreTo) indicative, third person singular, from yiyvofj.a.1, Income. 



5. 2/coTto, -as, fj, darkness ; (paivea, I show, I shine, generally 

 in the classics used transitively, here intransitively. KaTe- 

 AajSec. The student will recognise /COT as a shortened form of 

 KOTO, doivn, the o being elided before the following e : e is the 

 syllabic augment; take it away, and we have still Ao/3ei/ to 

 account for : v is the v that is placed at the end of a word 

 for the sake of sound ; so that removing v we have left Aa/3e. 

 Compare AcuSe with \nre, and it will be seen that AcuSe is a 

 second aorist ; it is, indeed, the third person singular of the 

 second aorist indicative active of the verb Ka^avoi (e-Aa/3-o^), J 

 take. Compounded with KOTO, the verb signifies I take hold of, 

 I apprehend, I am aware of. 



6. Aire<rTaAjuej/os is a participle of the middle voice ; cut off 

 the participial termination yuei/os, and we have aweoTaA. Air is 

 the preposition airo, from. What, then, is oTaA ? The form is 

 the tense-stem of the perfect passive or middle of the verb 

 crTfAAoi, I send, which is the root of the term airoffTo\os, an 

 apostle. Aireo-ToAyue>os therefore signifies sent. 



. 7. H\0fv, came, is the second aorist, third person singub:-. 

 indicative active, of the irregular verb epxoncu, I come. Mop- 

 Tvpta, -as, rj, a testimony, from /uoprup, -vpos, o, a witness (hence 

 our martyr) ; and /jiapTvp is the root of the verb fj.apTvptea, I 

 6ear witness. The form in the text, namely /xoprupijcrj?, is the 

 third person singular, first aorist, subjunctive ; viffTevtreacn (root 

 7rto"TiS, -teas, fj, faith), the third person plural, first aorist, sub- 

 junctive, from TTiffTfvcu, I believe. 



9. 4>o>Ti^6t (root (pus, -caTos, TO, light), the third person singu- 

 lar, indicative mood, present tense, of the transitive verb epeaTtfa, 

 I throw light on, I enlighten. Epxaptvov will be recognised as 

 the participle present of the verb epxo/j.ai, explained in verse 7. 



10. Eyvw is much like our English word know. The e is the 

 syllabic augment, yva> is the root of the verb, and 67^0; is the 

 third person singular of the second aorist indicative active, lie 

 knew " the world knew him not." 



FORMATION OF TENSES OF VERBS IN CO. 



Verbs in o> are divided into two classes, according to their cha- 

 racteristics, that is, the nature of the letter immediately pre- 

 ceding the a of the first person singular. These classes are 



1. Pure Verbs, whose characteristic is a vowel. Pure verbs arc 



divided into two divisions : 



(a) The TJncontracted, whose characteristic is any vowel 

 except o, e, o : as \v-ta, I loose ; @ov\ev-u>, I advise. 



(b) The Contracted, whose characteristic is either a or e or 



again o : as Ti/j.a-ca, I honour ; <pi\e-ca, I love ; fj.io-0o-a. 

 I let for hire. 



2. Impure Verbs, whose characteristic is a consonant. Impure 



Verbs are divided into two divisions : 

 (a) Mute Verbs, namely, TT, K, T, , y, S, ep, %, 6, whose cha- 



racteristic is one of the nine mutes : as Aet7r-w, I leave; 

 ir\fK-w, I weave ; TreiQ-ta, I persuade. 



(b) Liquid Verbs, whose characteristic is one of the liquids, 

 namely, A, p, v, p : as ayy f \\-co, I announce ; ve^a-ea, I 

 divide; tpaiv-ta, I show ; <p9eip-ca, I corrupt. 



FORMATION OF THE TENSES OF THE VERBS PURE. 



In pure verbs, the contracted as well as the uncontracted, 

 the tense-ending in general connects itself with the unchanged 

 characteristics ; as Ai/-, Au-cro;, AeAu-/ca. Pure verbs form no 

 second, but only first tenses ; the perfect they form with /c (:a), 

 the future and the aorist with cr and 9 (crea, era, 9rjv, 9ri<ro/j,ai). 

 The pure verbs, however, are subject to this regular change : 



The short vowel of the present and the imperfect, in uncon- 

 tracted as well as contracted verbs, is lengthened in the other 

 tenses. We speak first of 



THE UNCONTRACTED. 



t into i, (j-yri-ca, I am vexed with ; f. fj.j]vl-ffca, a. e-^Tji/i-cra. 

 v into 0, /ccoAC-w, I hinder; f. /ccoAO-crco, p. /cf-/cAO-/ca. 



THE TENSES OF Kca\vea, I hinder. 



Active. 



Present /ccoAC-co, impf. -/ccoAv-oy, 0. 

 Future /ccoAO-crco, aor. 1 e-KcoAD-cra, inf. /caiAC-crat, 0. 

 Perfect /c6-/cAi>-/ca, plup. e-/ce-/ca>Awceti/, v. 



Middle. 



Present Kca\v-ofj.ai, impf. e-Kca\v-ofj.riv, u. 

 Future /ccoAu-cro/xat, aor. -/co>Au-cra l u77i>, y. 

 Perfect /ce-KcoAu-jUat, perf. fut. /ce-fccoAu-cro/xoi, plup. e-/ce- 



*~ .issive. 



Aorist e-Kca\v-9r]i', fut. /ccoAu-G^cro/tat, 0. 

 Contrary to the rule, several pure verbs retain the short cha- 

 racteristic vowel either in all the tenses or in some of them. 

 These verbs take a cr in the perfect and pluperfect middle or 

 passive, as well as in the first aorist and future passive, also in 

 their verbal adjectives. This peculiarity is observed by several 

 other verbs, which either have a long vowel in the root, or 

 lengthen in the tenses a short vowel in the root ; as, anovca, I 

 hear ; (vavea, I set on fire ; 9pavco, I break in pieces ; /cpouco, J 

 dash; tyavea, I touch ; o-eiea, I shake ; /ceAeuco, I command ; Aeuco, 

 I stone ; K\tiw, I shut ; TTTULOJ, I knock against ; XP IW > I smear. 

 This fact is indicated thus pass, with cr : 

 Xpico, I sting, fut. xp' cra ') aor. e^plcra, inf. xp<0"o'; pass, with cr; 

 but, 



, I rub, anoint, fut. xpi ffca > aor. expicro, inf. xpt<rat, aor. mid. 

 ]f ; perf. pass. KXP' > tai > ^- /cexpZcrflat ; aor. 1 

 , verb. adj. X/HCTTOS. 

 Avvca, I complete, fut. avvo-ca, aor. t\v\iaa., inf. arvcrot ; pass, with cr. 

 Apvea, I draw, fut. apvcrca, aor. rjpvcra, Tipvffafj.rii' ; pass, with cr. 

 Muai, J close (e.g. the eyes), fut. /j.vo~<a, aor. efjivaa, perf. ^te,uOa, I 



am closed, I am silent. 

 IlTCco, J spit, fut. TrrCcra', aor. eTTTvcrct, pass, with cr. 



The following dissyllable verbs in vo? lengthen the charac- 

 teristic vowel in the future active and middle, the third future, 

 and the aorist active and middle ; and 8vo> also in the perfect 

 and pluperfect active ; but in the perfect and pluperfect active 

 (except Svca) and middle, or passive, and in the aorist and 

 future passive resume the short vowel ; thus 



Fut. Aor. Perf. Aor. Pass. 



Avco, I enter, Svcrca, eSvcra, SeSO^a, SeSO^at, eSvdriv. 

 uci), I sacrifice, OOfrea, e6vo~a, TfdvKa, TfQv^ai, eTv9r/v. 

 A.VW, I loose, AOcrai, eAOcra, AeAO/ca, AeAC^iat, f\ii6r)v. 



Tlavca, I cause to cease, has the perfect middle or passive 

 TreTraujUat, but aorist passive eTtava-Qrjv. 



KeAeuw, I order, command PERFECT MIDDLE OR PASSIVE. 



Indicative. Imperative. 



Sing. 1. Ke-/ceAeu-rr-/iat. 



2. Ke-/ceAeu-crat, tce-Kt\ev-ov. 



3. Ke-/c6Aeu-cr-TOt, Ke-K(\ev-o~9ei>. 

 Dual. 1. Kf-Kf\tv-o--(j.t6ov* 



2. K.-Kf\ev-cr9oi>, Ke-Kf\ev-a9ov. 



Plur. 1. K.e-Kf\ev-ff-fj.e8a, 



2. Ke-/ceAet/-o-0e, Kf-Kt\fv-cr9t. 



3. Ke-/feAei;-cr-yUvot, -fieri. Kf-K\ev-o~Qei>cra.v, 



