LESSONS IN ITALIAN. 



!' 



-otting. Thus, for example, it in roquinxl to And at 



. Jiinti.iry. UJ^IW above 



tho hnri/.i.n ttli.it !>'-.:i^ ti. .,f Madras), we I. 



"i tin- ; UH, and, 



linii^mi,' tliis p...-. . ,'ly to each tide of the horizon, we 



iin.1 it riaea 24 south of tho east, and sets a similar distance 



smith t .u aro chiefly employed 



nig the accuracy of the compass. 



inujfiiotiu noodlo, though commonly said to point duo 

 north, dors nut in reality do so, aa may be easily seen by com- 

 paring tli. din-.-tion as shown by it with that of tho pole-star. 

 This deviation of the compass from it* true bearing in called 

 the variation of the compass, and is found to vary from year to 

 year ; it in likewise different in different parts of the world at 

 the same time. 



About tho year 1C60 the variation was zero, the needle then 

 pointing duo north ; previous to this it had pointed east of the 

 north, but since that time it has pointed west of it 

 variation then gradually increased till in 1818 it had attained a 

 maximum of 24.}; since then it has been diminishing, and at 

 sent time it points about 21 west of the north point. 

 A lino is usually drawn on a compass-card at the right angle for 

 the year in which it is made, and when the needle is parallel 

 with this tho compass-card indicates the correct bearings. 



Wo append a few problems for the student to solve by the 

 aid of tho globe. 



1. Find the declination and right ascension of the stars Vega in 

 Lyra, and Arcturus in Bootes. 



2. Give the latitude aud longitude of Aldebarim in Taurus, wul Siriiu 

 in Cuiiis Major. 



3. What star has 32 N. decl. and 111 E. A. ? 



4. Find the altitude and azimuth of the star Regulus in Leo, as Men 

 at Paris at 8 P.M. on the 3rd of February. 



5. In a place situated in 45 N. latitude, a star is observed at 9.30 

 P.M. on the 25th of October; its altitude is found to be about 34? N., 

 and its azimuth 56 E. of N. Find the star. 



G. What is the sun's amplitude in London on the 21th of June ? 



LESSONS IN ITALIAN. XIX. 



THE PREPOSITION CON. 



WHEN the preposition with denotes company, society, union, 

 community, connection, or when it denotes the instrument or 

 means by which something is effected, it coincides with the nse 

 of con in Italian. In the former case, the words together with, 

 besides, to, or similar ones, and in tho latter, the words by 

 means of, by agency of, by dint of, by, tivrough, are frequently 

 equivalents of with, and are translated by con. For example : 



An-dd-re col /ra-M-lo, to go with the brother. 



Si as-so-cio con tin mer-cdii-t, he entered into partnership with a 



merchant. 

 s-se-re, std-re con li-no, to be with one, to belong to one ; t.., to 



one's family, company, etc. 

 Con chi stti-te coi ? with whom ore you ? (t.., \n whose service are 



you ? or, with whom are you on a visit ? or, with whom do you 



stay aud take dinner ? etc. ) 

 VSn-go con ooi, I come with you. 

 Com-bdt-t-re col ne-mi-co, to fight with the enemy. 

 Con-giu-gn-r un sog-git-to col <ii-o prc-di-c<i-to, to join a subject to 



its predicate. 



Con-cer-td-re il-na crf-sa con ii-no, to concert a thing with one. 

 Pa-ra-go-n<i-re ti-na co-$a con un' dl-fra, to compare one thing with 



another. 



Con qvj-ste md-ni, with these hands. 

 Con gran /a-t-ca, with great pains. 

 Con fr6-de ed in-gdn-no, with fraud and deceit. 

 Con un col-ttl-lo, with a knife. 

 Con un scii-do jua-da-gndr-n* ire, with one crown or dollar to gain 



three. 

 La-vo-rd-re c6i-la Uma, col pn-nfl-lo, col tcar-pfl-lo, to work with the 



file, with the pencil, with the chisel. 

 Fd-re ti-na c6-a con pia-ci-rt, con do-l5-r, con fa-ci-li-ld, con d/-jl- 



col-td, con de-ttr&-*a, con bu<Jn gdr-lx), to do a thing with 



pleasure, with grief, with ease, with diftlculty, with skill, with 



good grace. 



The adverb in-sii-me, together, very frequently has the pre- 

 position con after it, and exactly coincides with the English 

 together with For example : 



* M, toctbr with him. 



<lt-tn, tov^bmr with a otter. 

 l'-o tn-tU-iM em mi-o p^n, I toffthr witiH tuj UtU*r. 



It in obvious that it u not allowed to traaabt* wUk by con 

 whenever this preponition doM not rprMnt any of UM MOV*- 

 stated meanings t for example, I am satisfied with bin, t6*mt 

 I am delighted or greatly pleaded with you, 

 mi rui-W-j/ro di voi. In these oases;, to traaalate with by eo 

 w. ,u 1.1 completely alter the sens*. 86-no con.U*-to con lati, and 

 mi ral-U-gru eon, lui (di qudl-cke c6-ta), woold attin. I am 

 satisfied aioi, u* well ae he), and I am delighted 



or greatly pleased alung with you (i.e., ae well a* you =* I oe> 

 jratulnt' you, on tomcthing). 



Con, with a noun following, frequently supplies the place of 

 adverbial expressions. For example: Otm j/ru-*k'n-ia, with 

 prudence ; con ci-ri Md, with politoneu ; eon ioJirie~ia t with 

 sobriety ; cou *u-p4r4*'a, with haughtine, etc. : for yru-dc*-U- 

 prudently ; ci-vil-mtn-U, politely ; *o-ina-wr-, 

 soberly ; m-per-ba-inen-tt, haughtily, etc. 



Con, before an infinitive, which in this oaee occupies the phvee 

 of a real noun, is quite an idiom, and will be beet translated by 

 the prepositions by, through, by tho conjunctions wAi/c, tchfn t 

 as, and particularly and, or by the yretent participle of the 

 English verb. For example : 



Coll' an-dd-r a spdt-so non i puo ar-ric-chl-rt, by Uking walk* (>'.., 



by idling) one cainot get rich. 

 i j -2li si icu-cd con di-re ... be excused himself by saying, saying, 



and said, while ho said. 

 i v -yii ft-ct (i--(a-i.'u lo con Jdr-mi e-rt-de di dU-to it u-, he made 



his will, aud constituted (or constituting) me heir of all hi* 



proj 



VOGABUUaBT. 



EXEBCISL -1. 



1. Si nct-ta col faz-zo-Wt-to. 2. Guar-dir ool-la (oon la) 

 cd-da dell* 6o-ohio. 3. Tem-pe-rar il vf-no coll 1 a-cqua. 4. Fa- 

 vo-ri-to di ve-nir con me (or ml-co). 5. Pdr-ta t^-oo (oon te) la 



It is also allowable to separate i-V-m from eon, and to plaea it 

 after the case governed by con. For example, eon In* iVm***. together 

 with him ; U-oo (i.e., con u) tftxtJ-aM. together with me. The adverb 

 tn-i*-iiu-iiufn-t also means together with, but it is not so much in nee 

 as in-tf-jn oon. 



t In the place of con nu, with me ; am U, with tho ; and ss, 

 with himself, herself, itself, themselves, MOO, too, and MM, are ft 

 quently used ; and in elegant style COM at a mere expletive, e* 



COH (CO, COM MOO. 



